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What determines sexual orientation? What makes a person gay, bisexual, or straight? These sort of questions hold an undeniable interest to the general public and the answers are still hotly debated both by the experts in the field and by society at large. There are some powerful reasons for this universal appeal: First, the vast majority of us have experienced in the course of our lives some sort of sexual attraction toward other human beings, and this attraction in turn exerts a powerful influence in our mood, our behavior, our social interactions, and on the image that we have of ourselves. Since this plays such a key role in our lives, it is only natural that we would be interested in knowing at some point about its origins, and why we are oriented only toward people with certain characteristics and not others.
What determines sexual orientation? What makes a person gay, bisexual, or straight? These sort of questions hold an undeniable interest to the general public and the answers are still hotly debated both by the experts in the field and by society at large. There are some powerful reasons for this universal appeal: First, the vast majority of us have experienced in the course of our lives some sort of sexual attraction toward other human beings, and this attraction in turn exerts a powerful influence in our mood, our behavior, our social interactions, and on the image that we have of ourselves. Since this plays such a key role in our lives, it is only natural that we would be interested in knowing at some point about its origins, and why we are oriented only toward people with certain characteristics and not others.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Fri, August 10, 2007 - 6:22 PMi think there's a manner in which representation interacts with desire that is with fleshing out. nature is sloppy, has no intention or intelligence, just a set of rules and materials with properties interacting over time, so rarely do the results of evolution perfectly match the discrete categories of thought and human design (which are of course themselves the results of evolution, but let's put that aside for a moment). so, we have a process of self-definition, self-representation, and this often includes a sense of sexual desire and the kinds of people we're attracted to. what i find most interesting personally is the space before the discrete narratives come in and channel the erotic connective energy toward hyperspecified targets. for me personally, getting in touch with this basic eros and being erotically engaged with the world has tremendous impact.
so when we ask the question of the origin of sexual orientation, let's also ask about the origins of sexual categories, the continuum of eros, and our pre-reflective natures. only after this process occurs without shame interfering too much and the dust settles, can we really talk about orientation. i'm not saying we will all end up the same, of course.
i think perhaps evolutionary psychology might also tell us something about this as well: strict homosexuality could never become the dominant orientation, unless reproduction was performed technologically, and i would assume its appearance is somewhat contingent on reproductive considerations and related resources. perhaps in the EEA those considerations differed enough that we should question our knee-jerk reactions and put them under scrutiny.
what do you all think about this? do you feel that your sexual orientation takes effort to maintain? does it feel natural to you? compulsive? more about your imprinting with mom and dad than anything else?
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Sat, August 11, 2007 - 4:57 PMit's neither obvious nor uncontentious that sexual orientation is a natural phenomenon at all - in other words, it may be a cultural or institutional invention that individuals have any specific, well-defined 'orientation' at all. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Sun, August 12, 2007 - 1:12 AMself-definitions can arrive post hoc though. you may find that even if you're honest with yourself about your desire, that by and large you end up with people with specific body features and smells and styles. there are non-homophobic heterosexual people, for example, it's just that many heterosexuals are rather compulsive deniers of any potential or gradient qualities to their desire. straight men for example, are liable to pay a high social price for admitting to having gay inclinations. my gut (along with a fair amount of research) would go with the idea that if we lived in a very accepting, non-homophobic culture (which i believe have never existed on a very large scale) there would still be straight people, and some strictly homosexual folks as well. perhaps liberation lies in the direction of accepting more and more sexual diversity, not homogeneity? -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Sun, August 19, 2007 - 6:15 PM:: you may find that even if you're honest with yourself about your desire, that by and large you end up with people with specific body features and smells and styles.
sure - but i'm not just making the standard argument that everyone is bisexual; i'm suggesting that sexual attraction in general is probably subject to learning, conditioning, expectation, availability, maturation, and other circumstances. in other words, we may not be born to be straight or gay (or bi) by nature, and we might not even learn or become accustomed to one of those orientations through nurture, but in reality the quality and direction of attraction may be very fluid, dynamic, and sensitive, in such a way that the construction "A *is* of orientation B" may not actually do any useful describing.
:: on a large scale
well large social scales typically coincide with large social institutions, the primary objectives of which tend to focus around the control of food and sexuality, no? :) -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Sun, August 19, 2007 - 7:31 PMbut according to what people report that does not seem to be the case. questioning hegemonic assumptions is important but not if it leads us to ignore data. the overwhelming majority of people seem to report not fluidity but extremely stable sexual orientation.
as a gay man i'm an example. i've never had even the vaguest sexual feelings toward women. i first started noticing my sexual feelings toward men when i was 11 or so and while my erotic vocabulary and fantasy life may have changed the direction of my attraction has been unwaveringly stable throughout my life. and as someone who grew up in a fundamentalist christian household with no homosexual identities presented to me whatsoever it's difficult to see how socially determined identity construction could have had any effect on my vivid visceral erotic experiences.
"in reality the quality and direction of attraction may be very fluid, dynamic, and sensitive, in such a way that the construction "A *is* of orientation B" may not actually do any useful describing. "
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Sun, August 19, 2007 - 8:41 PMkage - Please correct me if I'm mistaken, it seems that here you're trying to get sexuality to conform to an idea, an ideology you've constructed, while ignoring relevant science and extremely consistent anecdotal evidence that gay children are aware of their attraction to their own sex at a young age irrespective of their upbringing. Which rather ironically is pretty much what you're saying that large social institutions do :)
Certainly many religions position sexuality as bestial/bad and to be controlled, and this is reflected in the many institutions we have that are a result of being ruled by religious organizations. And certainly these limitations and taboos have defined how people feel about their sexuality, as well as defining sexual habits and cultures. Still, gay people continue to be gay even in countries where it's punishable by death and despite "reprogramming" by Christians and their own desperate desire not to be gay.
I'm not sure who's standard argument it is that everyone is bisexual. Care to elaborate? Certainly sexuality is fluid in the sense that it changes over time. And certainly people can assume they're straight and then discover in fact that sex isn't as boring as they'd thought when sleeping with the opposite gender. And, of course, some people are just not interested in sex and find other activities much more fun and fulfilling, while some boys just know that they're really a girl stuck in the wrong body. Even shoe/foot fetishes have their root in biology (the sexual organs and the feet are neighbors in the brain). Now, that doesn't mean we can't be acculturated to enjoy certain practices, or that some people don't have their sexuality distorted during childhood by physical abuse. Or that some people aren't using sex to get things other than sexual gratification (companionship, money, power, revenge...there's a recent study about some of people's motivations for having sex, apart from lust). After all, sex is part of culture for us and has all kinds of psychological implications other than just getting our rocks off.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, August 20, 2007 - 12:22 AM:: Please correct me if I'm mistaken, it seems that here you're trying to get sexuality to conform to an idea, an ideology you've constructed, while ignoring relevant science
do you think i'm going to agree with that? j/k :) i'm not trying to promote an ideology - i'm asking the question whether sexual orientation is a natural phenomenon or a construct. keep in mind i'm saying this having had the experience as a child of being attracted to women - i am not trying to project my life or situation onto humanity at large. but i would like to know when this concept of 'sexual orientation' as a permanent feature of individual psychology was invented, and why it was invented - and i would also like to know whether this idea does more explaining than it causes confusion. essentially i am questioning its worth as an idea. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, August 20, 2007 - 5:38 AMkage - I appreciate the joke! :) I don't doubt your experience is outside of the "mainstream". And, of course, most people assume they're straight if they don't *know* otherwise. And was your attraction to women as a child sexual or more as fantastic glittering beings? I've had a couple of transgender friends and they were all very attracted to women as children but not because they were interested in them sexually but because they identified with women. I've got female friends who assumed they were straight until they slept with a woman (plenty of straight women just get used to relatively boring or unexciting sex).
I'd certainly agree there are many constructs around sexuality, and some quite rigid and artificial definitions. Just as there are around gender and class. But there is definitely a biological basis to desire. Now, this doesn't mean that there haven't been studies done on sheep where they've "turned" gay sheep straight by injecting them full of hormones. Or that lesbian women can't sleep with men and pretend to themselves and everyone else they're straight (or just not know they're lesbian...this is more common than you'd think). Same can be true for men.
It sounds to me a bit like, and I mean absolutely no offense here, that you're projecting your own experience onto all sexuality. Now, there's no reason you personally have to define your sexuality if you don't want to (though it seems that this would make it a bit hard to know what your actual desires are and find others with the same interests). Though because I'm curious and exploratory by nature, I've never personally understood people who are only interested in very narrow and specific "types"...but then fetishes are pretty common. Ultimately, our ideas that surround sexuality are social constructs but sexuality itself isn't. I mean, do you consider your own desire merely to be a construct or do you feel it welling up from deep inside yourself as a powerful urge?
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, November 14, 2007 - 12:49 AMI believe there has been some research that suggests that there is no such thing as true male bisexuality. Self-identifying male "bisexuals" were found (empirically, by measuring arousal) to fall into two groups; (predominantly) men aroused by other men but not women, and (a few) men aroused by women but not men. In other words, male bisexuals were either gay men, or straight men who for whatever reason (easy access to orgasms perhaps) sometimes slept with men they weren't actually attracted to. Of course, if you define "bisexuality" as merely "sexual activity with both sexes" then bisexual men exist, but I don't think this definition is particularly useful.
Interestingly, the same research found that most women identifying as bisexuals WERE attracted to both sexes.
This certainly matches my own experience; despite the odd instance of experimentation I've never found men *sexually* attractive in the least. But I know numerous women who get turned on by either sex. And the few "bisexual" men I've known have turned out to be fairly obvious closet cases. I definitely fall into the "nature not nurture" side of the debate. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, November 14, 2007 - 1:55 PMhow about believing what people say about themselves and not the results of a 100-person survey (with 35% rejected by the researchers as non-responders) some questionably objective texan did wearing a lab coat? do you believe anything a guy with a degree tells you? cause i have a couple, and i can tell you that this study was not well done and is inconclusive.
www.biresource.org/
penile plethysmography doesn't cut in in court and has been criticized left and right for a long time:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peni...hysmograph
"In State of North Carolina v. Spencer[2], the court reviewed the literature and case law and concluded that penile plethysmography was scientifically unreliable: "Despite the sophistication of the current equipment technology, a question remains whether the information emitted is a valid and reliable means of assessing sexual preference."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Michael_Bailey
"In December 2006, [Dr. Bailey] controversially suggested that aborting a fetus after fetal screening for sexual orientation is "morally acceptable...."
"Bailey once again stirred controversy in 2005 as senior author of a study which claimed male bisexuality does not exist, based on results of controversial penile plethysmograph testing.[24] The testing found that of men who identified as bisexual, 75% were only aroused genitally by homosexual imagery, and 25% were only aroused genitally by heterosexual imagery. They concluded that bisexuality was a subjective experience: "Male bisexuality appears primarily to represent a style of interpreting or reporting sexual arousal rather than a distinct pattern of genital sexual arousal."
The study received wide attention after a New York Times piece on the study that coincided with the opening of the 2005 International Academy of Sex Research convention.[25] The article and study were criticized by LBGT groups[26] and by FAIR.[27] Critics argued the sample size was relatively small, consisting of only one hundred (100) men. Also, all of these subjects were "self-selected", from ads placed in LGBT and "alternative" publications. Then the researchers had to disregard results of thirty-five percent (35%) of this population, as non-responders.[24]"
and for one thing, who's to say what characters the viewer was identifying with in the porn? -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 15, 2007 - 1:03 AM"how about believing what people say about themselves and not the results of a 100-person survey"
Hmm...like believing Larry "wide stance" Craig?
"penile plethysmography doesn't cut in in court and has been criticized left and right for a long time:"
Lie detectors don't cut it in court either, but they do seem to work. "Cutting it in court" is not a good measure of scientific usefulness.
"and for one thing, who's to say what characters the viewer was identifying with in the porn?"
I presume in the hetero porn the pictures were of women and in the gay porn the pics were of men. Why would identifying with a character change anything? -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 15, 2007 - 1:51 PMyour replies were flippant and lacked depth so i won't respond to them unless you fatten em up. it's also apparent you didn't check out any of the bi resources with responses to the research, the scientific veracity of penile plethysmoigraphy or dr. bailey's work, so your comments are really not very useful yet. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 15, 2007 - 4:46 PM"your replies were flippant and lacked depth so i won't respond to them unless you fatten em up."
I couldn't find anything particularly useful on PP. Most of the naysaying seems to be based on the lack of ability to standardize reponse, and that it is not sufficiently reliable in detecting pedophiles as to be admissible in court. A lack of standardization certainly doesn't mean that one can not get a statistically significant result; same for the admissibility thing. Most of the objection to Bailey seems to be ad-hominem. There wasn't much of substance for me to reply to on the Bailey side.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 15, 2007 - 4:56 PMIt's interesting that the majority of letters against Bailey on the Bi resource site based on personal experience seemed to be from women. (Dana, Cheryl, Heather). I wonder if they are simply transferring their own female experience of bi-ness onto men, and wrongly assuming that since bi women exist, bi men must also exist. Since Bailey found, explicitly, that bisexual women DO exist, I wonder if they actually read the research.
Also, if Bailey is supposedly biased in his research, why would be find that bisexual women exist? It reminds me of the Philip Rushton controversy. Rushton supposedly found that whites were higher IQ than blacks. In the media storm that followed where he was accused of racism, it was mostly overlooked that he'd also found that asians were higher IQ than whites. If he was simply a white racist finding only what he was looking for, you wouldn't expect him to find any such thing. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 15, 2007 - 5:23 PM"wrongly assuming that since bi women exist, bi men must also exist."
what do you mean by "exist" exactly here? so, tens of thousands of men who tell you that they are bisexual are lying because of a study of 100 people using a questionable technology and method by a researcher who's given the thumbs up on aborting fetuses because they're queer? why are you so comfortable believing bailey and not their self-reports?
jonathan, no offense, and i certainly won't push the personal angle here any further, but it sure seems rather transparent that you are uncomfortable with some homosexual experimentation you did and are therefore keen on believing the notion that bisexual men "don't exist" or that one can have gay experiences without being bi simply to avoid personal discomfort.
i say this respectful of your experience and feelings, but feel pressed to bring it up because of the attempt not only by you, but by bailey, to reify questionable research into an objective truth which supports such kinds of personal agendas.
at the very least, let's just get some more research on the topic going. i should think you would be agreeable to that, oui? -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Fri, November 16, 2007 - 11:32 AM"what do you mean by "exist" exactly here? so, tens of thousands of men who tell you that they are bisexual are lying".
But what do they mean by "bisexual"? It seems quite possible that these bisexuals are gay men who started out sleeping with women through shame/societal pressure.
I don't think personal discomfort has anything to do with it. I actually rather wish that I *was* bi. I'm envious of my bisexual female friends. Unfortunately however watching videos of naked women gives me a woody while watching videos of naked men does the opposite. That's a very simple empirical test that anyone can do, no penile plesysmograph needed. I'm certainly agreeable to more research. You can carry out your own research. Go to a free porn site (www.pornotube.com for intance) and watch some girl-on-girl and then some man-on-man gay porn and report back to us if Peter springs to attention with either! Who knew science could be such fun???
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 15, 2007 - 5:28 PMThe racism charge may be a bit hasty but he can be criticized for engaging in bad science. Rushton failed to control for environmental factors that could taint the results. For example, cycles of poverty and unequal access to equivalent schooling across experimental groups, the education of parents if children are the subjects and how involved they are (in a positive manner) in the child's education also relates to educational performance of children, etc. The point is, sometimes there are so many factors that must be controlled for, that these simplistic studies do not yield meaningful data.
Why would Bailey not have a problem with finding bisexual women? Because bisexual women is a heterosexual fetish itself. In the USA at least we have a double standard in favor of bisexual women but against bisexual men. I already noted how his study design is potentially flawed. I doubt it would be IRB approved today.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 15, 2007 - 5:31 PM"Rushton supposedly found that whites were higher IQ than blacks. In the media storm that followed where he was accused of racism, it was mostly overlooked that he'd also found that asians were higher IQ than whites. If he was simply a white racist finding only what he was looking for, you wouldn't expect him to find any such thing."
the problem is often not in the data, but in the methodology and conclusions drawn from the data. new scientist had some info related to the watson scandal that just occurred, wherein watson claimed that blacks were stupider than whites (he also likes the idea of aborting queer fetuses). the research trying to parse out environmental variables from hereditary in relation to IQ has shown that environment and access appear to account for pretty much all the differences they can find that were supposedly causally connected to race. i'll get the citation later if you want.
also, the climate-driven adaptations connected to race are very, very recent (100,000 years or less, i would guess), and homo sapiens have had almost the same brain for millions of years. it's doubtful a significant difference in cognitive capacity would've evolved along lines of loosely connected superficial traits connected to race. race itself is such a mismash of traits that it hardly has any biological currency. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Fri, November 16, 2007 - 11:48 AM"also, the climate-driven adaptations connected to race are very, very recent (100,000 years or less, i would guess), and homo sapiens have had almost the same brain for millions of years. it's doubtful a significant difference in cognitive capacity would've evolved along lines of loosely connected superficial traits connected to race. race itself is such a mismash of traits that it hardly has any biological currency."
That's crap. We only evolved the capacity for complex language 200,000 years ago, not that long before we moved out of Africa. The higher level evolution is VERY recent, evolutionary speaking. It is perfectly possible that in the 50-80,000 or so years since we started spreading across the globe that there has been differential evolution on a continental basis in the higher cognitive abilities. It is just highly politically incorrect to talk about such things, and most scientists won't touch it with a ten foot pole. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Sun, November 18, 2007 - 11:57 PM"We only evolved the capacity for complex language 200,000 years ago, not that long before we moved out of Africa."
how does this counter my points? care to connect the dots for me, along racial lines? and language is the determinant of intelligence then?
"The higher level evolution is VERY recent, evolutionary speaking."
connect the dots here. you need to connect measures of general intelligence and how they might be driven to differentiate in a short evolutionary timespan along loosely-related superficial traits connected to climate. good luck with that.
"It is perfectly possible that in the 50-80,000 or so years since we started spreading across the globe that there has been differential evolution on a continental basis in the higher cognitive abilities."
do you have any evidence for your trick-knee suspicions on this one? forget political correctness, i've looked at a bunch of the evidence, and it looks like IQ differentials along racial lines can be attributed to environmental factors. "race" is also a colloquial term that doesn't translate cohesively into a biological concept. it's more of a cultural shorthand lumping together of traits that come from a variety of conditions. that's one reason why it's a bitch to try to make biological claims based on it. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, November 19, 2007 - 1:06 AM"how does this counter my points? care to connect the dots for me, along racial lines? and language is the determinant of intelligence then? "
Your point seemed to be that our brain's haven't evolved much in "millions of years". This is not the case. And yes, language does appear to be the primary driver behind the explosive increase in our intelligence. I'm with Pinker here.
"connect the dots here. you need to connect measures of general intelligence and how they might be driven to differentiate in a short evolutionary timespan along loosely-related superficial traits connected to climate. good luck with that. "
I'd hypothesis that since our species originated in sub-Saharan Africa, those of us who stayed in sub-Saharan Africa didn't face the same challenges w.r.t. adapting to different conditions as did those who spread out into new environments. Living in a familiar hospitable environment such as Africa is a heck of a lot easier than having to deal with novelties such as winters (you need to stockpile food to survive the winter, develop clothing and shelter technologies, etc etc). Do harsher climatic conditions also require enhanced social co-operation? That's also a possible driver of differentiation.
And anyway, you are setting up a straw-man with respect to your definition of "race". You are correct that a mere externality such as skin color does not correlate neatly with race. But to jump from that fact to a the belief that "race is thus not a biological concept", (as Craig Venter does), is a non-sequitur. You can look at races as simply large extended families that to some extent interbreed, similar to the biological concept of sub-species. The popular usage of "race" (as in, "skin colour") correlates more to the biological concept of "cline". -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, November 19, 2007 - 3:52 AM"And anyway, you are setting up a straw-man with respect to your definition of "race". You are correct that a mere externality such as skin color does not correlate neatly with race. But to jump from that fact to a the belief that "race is thus not a biological concept", (as Craig Venter does), is a non-sequitur. You can look at races as simply large extended families that to some extent interbreed, similar to the biological concept of sub-species. The popular usage of "race" (as in, "skin colour") correlates more to the biological concept of "cline"."
The evidence does not support this. What 'race' people belong to depends entirely on which trait you decide to look at at--there is a distinct lack of the sort of clustering of traits you would expect if race were real. The very small amount of clustering that does occur looks like simple coincidence.We know that the the traits that are used to define and delineate 'race' assort independently of other traits, and that adaptive traits readily spread from one 'race' to another without being accompanied by the traits used to define race (the way the gene conferring resistance to malaria spread from Africa to malaria-endemic areas of the Mediterranean and elsewhere). -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, November 19, 2007 - 6:16 PM"The evidence does not support this. What 'race' people belong to depends entirely on which trait you decide to look at at--there is a distinct lack of the sort of clustering of traits you would expect if race were real."
I don't think you are correct here. For instance, from "Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure" (genetics.plosjournals.org/perlserv/ ) "In one of the most extensive of these studies to date, considering 1,056 individuals from 52 human populations, with each individual genotyped for 377 autosomal microsatellite markers, we found that individuals could be partitioned into six main genetic clusters, five of which corresponded to Africa, Europe and the part of Asia south and west of the Himalayas, East Asia, Oceania, and the Americas [3]."
As for malaria resistance, the reference I found suggested that the adaptation occurred independently. "In regions where malaria is prevalent, naturally occurring genetic defense mechanisms have evolved for resisting infection by malaria. We looked at variations of the mutation that have appeared independently in several areas of the world where the incidence of malaria is high," Tishkoff says. "In each region we studied, the mutations at G6PD that provide protection against malaria appear to have arisen at about the same time that history tells us malaria became prevalent. Different variations of the gene appear in the different areas and seem to have evolved independently of each other, likely as a response to selection resulting from malarial infection." www.unisci.com/stories/20012/0626011.htm
You appear to be wrong here as well. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, November 19, 2007 - 6:24 PM -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, November 19, 2007 - 8:41 PM"joseph graves' work in this regard is instructive."
Graves seems mostly to be attacking the straw man that you can differentiate races by skin colour, which you can't.
The fact that there is greater within-group variability than between-group variability warrants a big "so what?". When it comes to the sexes, there is clearly a greater within-group variability than there are between the groups. But nonetheless it has been shown conclusively that there are some clear differences between the sexes when it comes to spatial abilities for example. But to go from "our popular ideas of race are socially constructed" to "the idea of race is unscientific" is false. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, November 19, 2007 - 9:08 PM"Graves seems mostly to be attacking the straw man that you can differentiate races by skin colour, which you can't. "
so, how does one tell the difference between races? spell this out in detail, and you will find yourself slipping on ice rather quickly.
"When it comes to the sexes, there is clearly a greater within-group variability than there are between the groups. But nonetheless it has been shown conclusively"
sex actually does take on interesting variety when one spends a lot of time studying it though. sexual differentiation occurs during a couple major hormonal blasts affecting the same strata of tissues. people get different mixtures of hormones, and the way they affect characteristics related to "sex" varies. prepuce, clitoris, scrotum, outer labia, prostate, urethral sponge, nipples, hair, voice. there is a continuum of traits, though the distribution here is tighter than with characteristics we associate with race.
i think the same kind of questions we are showing around race should be shown with sex, though you must know that sexual differentiation has had eons to evolve, while traits we loosely clump together as races haven't broken the 6-digit mark. intersexual and intrasexual dynamics have very special characteristics about them as well that are specific to the mating system of a sexual species. these dynamics drive comparative features. sex evolved to combat parasitism; the reason there are two is generally to lessen the risk of infection via organelles and the like, so one sex includes them, and the other doesn't; this creates a situation of asymmetry in possible parental investment especially in mammals, which is often connected to a sexual division of labort; from there you have a cascading set of moves and countermoves and adaptations and sexual selective pressures that loosely create female and male natures. there are no such dynamics among "races."
perhaps if more isolation occurred and a lot more time, some characteristics we associate now with racial differences might have gradually amounted to a new subspecies, but it didn't. we separated as a species for something like 60,000 years. the traits just aren't clustering reliably enough to be useful biologically. that doesn't mean you can't talk about traits commonly found under the umbrella of race as meaningful pivots of analysis. skin color in reference to skin cancer studies, for example.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 20, 2007 - 3:43 AM"The fact that there is greater within-group variability than between-group variability warrants a big "so what?"."
So what? I see we are back to your complete lack of knowledge of statistics. Comparison of within-group to between-group variance is how scientists separate the shit from the shinola. Guess which one you have a handful of. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 20, 2007 - 12:52 PM"So what? I see we are back to your complete lack of knowledge of statistics. Comparison of within-group to between-group variance is how scientists separate the shit from the shinola."
You don't seem to have any point here except flapping your mouth. That there is greater within-group variance than between group variance does not mean that between-group variance is unimportant; it means merely what it says; that there is more intra-group variance than there is inter-group variance. Again, so what? -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 20, 2007 - 1:27 PM"That there is greater within-group variance than between group variance does not mean that between-group variance is unimportant; it means merely what it says; that there is more intra-group variance than there is inter-group variance. Again, so what?"
it diminishes the meaning of the grouping as a useful organizing concept. it doesn't mean that between-group variance is unimportant, it calls into question the efficacy of the grouping in the first place. now, if you insist on using the grouping of race, despite it being an unscientific loose mess of a categorization, you can go ahead, and find some between-group variance. then you need to show the causal relationship for the variance, and since your grouping had more variance within it than with other groupings, you're going to have a bitch of a time parsing it out. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 20, 2007 - 1:42 PM"it diminishes the meaning of the grouping as a useful organizing concept. it doesn't mean that between-group variance is unimportant, it calls into question the efficacy of the grouping in the first place."
Well, sure. There are no simple natural kinds that we can easily group into particular races. As I say over and over, the popular usage of "race" is fallacious. Does this mean that humanity magically is exempt from the evolutionary effects of geographic isolation, barriers to gene flow and environmental difference (which many seem to want to be the case)? No. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 20, 2007 - 3:06 PMit's hardly magical. we just haven't been that isolated and there are relatively few barriers that human beings cannot cross. when we came out of africa we spread throughout the world with incredible rapidity. we are the only species that exists in every biome. the evolution of complex adaptations takes so long that they inevitably must be shared by the whole species. any differences that do exist have to be relatively simple, like skin color or an increased susceptibility to a particular disease etc. cognitive structure is way to complicated to have evolved over anything but huge timescales.
"Does this mean that humanity magically is exempt from the evolutionary effects of geographic isolation, barriers to gene flow and environmental difference (which many seem to want to be the case)? No." -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 20, 2007 - 7:11 PM"it's hardly magical. we just haven't been that isolated and there are relatively few barriers that human beings cannot cross. when we came out of africa we spread throughout the world with incredible rapidity. we are the only species that exists in every biome. the evolution of complex adaptations takes so long that they inevitably must be shared by the whole species. any differences that do exist have to be relatively simple, like skin color or an increased susceptibility to a particular disease etc. cognitive structure is way to complicated to have evolved over anything but huge timescales. "
Who mentioned complex adaptation of cognitive structure? That's simply a straw man.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 20, 2007 - 3:21 PM"As I say over and over, the popular usage of "race" is fallacious. Does this mean that humanity magically is exempt from the evolutionary effects of geographic isolation, barriers to gene flow and environmental difference (which many seem to want to be the case)? No."
if this is what you were saying "over and over," you wouldn't have received a lot of resistance, jonathan. are you suggesting throwing out the concept of "race" altogether in favor of more specific ways of talking about traits clustering, or repurposing the term? because it's not just the "popular usage" of the term that presents a problem, it's the usage at all. there is no "unpopular" usage that's cool, unless you're inventing one here for some reason.
"race" is a blunt instrument grouping too much variety under a few concepts like "black" or "white," loosely and inconsistently tied together by a few traits. i suggest we dismiss the term and stick to talking about the traits and more specific lineages. it's more accurate, and doesn't reference the "popular usage" that you are both rejecting and for some reason wanting to keep around. no one is denying the existence of traits themselves that vary, like skin color, nappiness of hair, epicanthal folds, or their reasons for being. we are arguing against the concept of "race" being specific or consistent enough to be of much assistance in analyses. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 20, 2007 - 7:56 PM"if this is what you were saying "over and over," you wouldn't have received a lot of resistance, jonathan. are you suggesting throwing out the concept of "race" altogether in favor of more specific ways of talking about traits clustering, or repurposing the term? because it's not just the "popular usage" of the term that presents a problem, it's the usage at all. there is no "unpopular" usage that's cool, unless you're inventing one here for some reason. "
Sure, if you want you can talk about "biodiversity" or " continental clustering" or whatever. I don't believe I ever said that there is some straightforward way of classifying human populations into groups. Would you care to quote where I said anything of that nature? -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, November 21, 2007 - 9:59 AM"Sure, if you want you can talk about "biodiversity" or " continental clustering" or whatever. I don't believe I ever said that there is some straightforward way of classifying human populations into groups. Would you care to quote where I said anything of that nature? "
the whole conversation has been about the relevance of "race" as an organizational concept for chrissake! RACE is what we were talking, dude, not traits clustering in various complex ways. good lord, jonathan, no one denies traits loosely connected to geographical origin, just the validity of "black," "white" and the like. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, November 21, 2007 - 11:14 AM"the whole conversation has been about the relevance of "race" as an organizational concept for chrissake! RACE is what we were talking, dude, not traits clustering in various complex ways. good lord, jonathan, no one denies traits loosely connected to geographical origin, just the validity of "black," "white" and the like."
And when have I ever defended such a categorization? I was quite specific that such categorization is a fallacy. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, November 21, 2007 - 3:04 PM"And when have I ever defended such a categorization? I was quite specific that such categorization is a fallacy."
then what in hell are we all arguing about? that's what race IS jonathan. i think it sure seemed like you still wanted to group in more scientifically valid trends with the conventional term "race" and that's what got everyone going. again, if you're just talking about loose clustering of specific traits related to ancestry and are cool with keeping it specific, then i don't think anyone disagrees. but why keep the bonehead concept of "race" around? i just don't see the point of even trying to keep it afloat. just let the fucker drown.
important anecdote: i once told a friend that i thought race was socially constructed, and he replied, "but let's not allow that to be an excuse to forget the effects these constructs have had on our lives, especially for those whose lives have been deeply wounded from it." -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, November 21, 2007 - 11:08 PM"then what in hell are we all arguing about?"
That's a good question for you to ask yourself. I was talking about "differential evolution on a continental basis", and you and Lenny seem to have jumped to the conclusion that this equates with conventional definitions of race. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 22, 2007 - 3:59 PMhere's your post that started the controversy:
"It reminds me of the Philip Rushton controversy. Rushton supposedly found that whites were higher IQ than blacks. In the media storm that followed where he was accused of racism, it was mostly overlooked that he'd also found that asians were higher IQ than whites. If he was simply a white racist finding only what he was looking for, you wouldn't expect him to find any such thing."
sounds like racial terminology to me. just reread the thread jonathan.
i don't vilify anyone, and everyone has racist stuff going on, so no sweat here, it's been a good discussion. i enjoy disagreeing with you and have learned a lot from our talks. light as well as heat continues to be generated. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 22, 2007 - 5:14 PM
""It reminds me of the Philip Rushton controversy. Rushton supposedly found that whites were higher IQ than blacks. In the media storm that followed where he was accused of racism, it was mostly overlooked that he'd also found that asians were higher IQ than whites. If he was simply a white racist finding only what he was looking for, you wouldn't expect him to find any such thing."
sounds like racial terminology to me. just reread the thread jonathan. "
Sure it is racial terminology. Are you now suggesting that racial concepts are invalid in general? The discussion was whether race was a valid *biological* concept. You seem to be going far beyond that now. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 22, 2007 - 5:32 PM"sounds like racial terminology to me. just reread the thread jonathan. "
Basically you are saying that because I referred to Philip Rushton then I agree with his conclusions /assumptions about race? Thats a really stupid assumption, actually, and I would expect better from you. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Sun, November 25, 2007 - 10:30 PM"Basically you are saying that because I referred to Philip Rushton then I agree with his conclusions /assumptions about race?"
i'm asking for you to calmly review the discussion and simply to take some ownership over the misunderstanding and to relax. that's really all. you implied that it was all the doing of others and took no responsibility for the fact that we were talking about race and you were intending to talk about more specific trait clusterings than "race" denotes.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 20, 2007 - 2:58 PMwell, i haven't taken much statistic but from what i remember a lot of in-group variance makes it difficult to know whether between group variance is statistically significant.
"That there is greater within-group variance than between group variance does not mean that between-group variance is unimportant; it means merely what it says; that there is more intra-group variance than there is inter-group variance. Again, so what?"
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 20, 2007 - 5:39 PM"You don't seem to have any point here except flapping your mouth. That there is greater within-group variance than between group variance does not mean that between-group variance is unimportant; it means merely what it says; that there is more intra-group variance than there is inter-group variance. Again, so what?"
Do you even know how analysis of variance works? The lowest possible ratio of variance that can theoretically be significant (with infinite degrees of freedom in both the numerator and the denominator!) is 1.0. Even with infinite degrees of freedom, group effects are not statistically significant if the between-group variance is not *at least as great* as the within-group variance. If races are 'real' biological entities then there should be less within-group variance than between-group variance across the board. In fact when you look at the three classical 'races', 93% of the variance present is within-group and a paltry 7% is between group. The clustering is well within the range expected by chance if races are not real biological entities. Coincidence. Sometimes useful coincidence--useful for medical genetics and tracking historical migration--but still coincidence. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 20, 2007 - 8:37 PM"If races are 'real' biological entities then there should be less within-group variance than between-group variance across the board."
Wrong once again. As Kittles and Long write in "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races", findarticles.com/p/article...48956/pg_1 , "The relative proportion of variation within and among groups therefore appears to be meaningless as a criterion for judging the validity of races or subspecies as defined by biologists."
Further on, they write:
"In fact, our findings are consistent with the key features of the AAPA view: that all human populations derive from a common ancestral group, that there is great genetic diversity within all human populations, and that the geographic pattern of variation is complex and presents no *major* discontinuity."
I emphasized the "major" because Kittles and Long explicitly refer to the six geographic clusters mentioned earlier:
"It is less apparent a good deal of genetic variation within groups is consistent with Mayr's taxonomic concept. Nevertheless, complete taxonomic resolution is possible even with a great deal of within group variation. This is exemplified in this study by the locus D13S122 (Figure 1) where both humans and chimpanzees are highly polymorphic but they divergence is near complete. Moreover, when Rosenberg and colleagues (2001) applied a numerical clustering algorithm (Pritchard et al. 2000) to 377 microsatellite loci genotyped on a large sample of individuals from diverse geographic regions, they found strong evidence for the existence of six geographically associated clusters despite the fact that the within-population component of genetic variation accounted for between 93% and 95% of the total genetic variation."
So yes, geographic clustering *does* occur, but is minor compared to within-group variability.
Later, they write: "Surprisingly, a great deal of variation within groups is compatible with biological race concepts and therefore partitions of genetic variation such as those achieved by simple statistics such as F^sub ST^ do not provide critical tests for the existence of races as defined by biologists."
In other words, as I've been saying all along, there is no straightforward way to biologically categorize populations into groups that correspond to what is usually meant by "race". However there does appear to be clustering that corresponds to geographic barriers to gene flow, and thus it seems indisputable that there are discontinuities caused by geographic isolation. The consensus is that these discontinuities are not substantial enough to allow the populations to be classed as sub-species or races, but the sut-off as to where a sub-species is defined is essentially arbitrary any way.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, November 21, 2007 - 8:33 AM"Wrong once again. As Kittles and Long write in "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races", findarticles.com/p/article...48956/pg_1 , "The relative proportion of variation within and among groups therefore appears to be meaningless as a criterion for judging the validity of races or subspecies as defined by biologists.""
Quote mine much? The full quote is "High within-group variance is also consistent with the population lineage concept, because mutation will introduce novel variation within a divergent line-age over a long time. Therefore, gene diversity within old lineages is expected to be near its mutation/drift equilibrium. The relative proportion of variation within and among groups therefore appears to be meaningless as a criterion for judging the validity of races or subspecies as defined by biologists." What you don't seem capable of appreciating is that this is itself a death knell for the race concept because the phenomenal genetic variance within sub-Saharan Africans makes it absurd to talk about a black race in any way that is broadly meaningful genetically. It doesn't disprove common lineage, but it gives the lie to the concept of genetic coherence among people who happen to have black skin and woolly hair, and *that* is what people mean by race and racial stereotyping.
The authors also refer to Wilson et al. (2001) which found that genetic clusters were better predictors of allele frequencies at drug metabolizing loci than were the a priori ethnic labels. This is exactly what you would expect if race is not real and traits upon which race is judged assort independently from other traits.
"I emphasized the "major" because Kittles and Long explicitly refer to the six geographic clusters mentioned earlier:"
I have already pointed out that clusters are expected whether or not races are biologically real or meaningful. It is expected that people will be more genetically similar to others living very close by than to people living thousands of miles away. If races are real then people of the same race living thousands of miles away from each other should be more genetically similar than people of different races living close to each other. Geographic clustering does *not* equate to reality of races. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, November 21, 2007 - 11:19 AM"What you don't seem capable of appreciating is that this is itself a death knell for the race concept because the phenomenal genetic variance within sub-Saharan Africans makes it absurd to talk about a black race in any way that is broadly meaningful genetically"
What *you* don't seem to realize is that you are attacking a straw man. I certainly never defended the idea that a "black race" is in any way a meaningful biological term. The most that you can talk biologically speaking is continental clustering.
"I have already pointed out that clusters are expected whether or not races are biologically real or meaningful. It is expected that people will be more genetically similar to others living very close by than to people living thousands of miles away."
Clusters are expected, yes, but here Rosenbaum is referring to clusters that correlate to geographic barriers. These clusters are thus clearly not merely distance-related. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, November 21, 2007 - 1:06 PM"What *you* don't seem to realize is that you are attacking a straw man. I certainly never defended the idea that a "black race" is in any way a meaningful biological term. The most that you can talk biologically speaking is continental clustering."
Then you aren't talking about races, which are socially constructed and not biologically real, which is what Jeff and I have been saying all along. Nor do the clusters that do occur point to another kind of geographic race, they just suggest that gene flow is sometimes canalized in a specific way that doesn't limit the amount of gene flow but the specific path it follows.
"Clusters are expected, yes, but here Rosenbaum is referring to clusters that correlate to geographic barriers. These clusters are thus clearly not merely distance-related."
All geographic barriers do is increase effective geographic distance because gene flow goes around them instead of across them. Crossing the Sahara or the Himalayas adds the equivalent of about 3000 km because gene flow isn't taking the shortest route. It's not producing genetic isolation, it's effectively slowing the rate of diffusion. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, November 21, 2007 - 11:09 PM"All geographic barriers do is increase effective geographic distance because gene flow goes around them instead of across them. Crossing the Sahara or the Himalayas adds the equivalent of about 3000 km because gene flow isn't taking the shortest route. It's not producing genetic isolation, it's effectively slowing the rate of diffusion."
That's the same thing. Slowing the rate of diffusion is equivalent to a bottleneck, and a bottleneck will cause a degree of relative isolation. If I have two large rooms and connect them with a straw, the two rooms are essentially isolated even though there will be a slow diffusion through the straw. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 22, 2007 - 3:52 AM"That's the same thing. Slowing the rate of diffusion is equivalent to a bottleneck, and a bottleneck will cause a degree of relative isolation. If I have two large rooms and connect them with a straw, the two rooms are essentially isolated even though there will be a slow diffusion through the straw."
You don't have 2 rooms connected by a straw, you have 2 rooms connected by a long hallway instead of a short one. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 22, 2007 - 5:22 PM"You don't have 2 rooms connected by a straw, you have 2 rooms connected by a long hallway instead of a short one."
Bad analogy. Rosenbaum is clear that the clustering results from *discontinuities*. These discontinuities are *equivalent* to an increase geographic distance, but they are still discontinuities. That is the reason that they regard the effect as clustering and not merely cline. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 22, 2007 - 5:38 PM""You don't have 2 rooms connected by a straw, you have 2 rooms connected by a long hallway instead of a short one."
Bad analogy. Rosenbaum is clear that the clustering results from *discontinuities*. These discontinuities are *equivalent* to an increase geographic distance, but they are still discontinuities. That is the reason that they regard the effect as clustering and not merely cline."
The appropriate analogy is probably two rooms connected by a hallway with a closed door. Every now and again the door opens and some air diffuses between the rooms. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 22, 2007 - 7:49 PM"The appropriate analogy is probably two rooms connected by a hallway with a closed door. Every now and again the door opens and some air diffuses between the rooms."
The correct analogy is two rooms connected by a long hallway. There is no closed door. Discontinuities are temporary and occur because a sample is a snapshot that catches some alleles (a small number) in the process of diffusing around a barrier -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Fri, November 30, 2007 - 12:39 AM"The correct analogy is two rooms connected by a long hallway. There is no closed door. Discontinuities are temporary and occur because a sample is a snapshot that catches some alleles (a small number) in the process of diffusing around a barrier"
If that was the case then there wouldn't be a discontinuity. Diffusion is a continuous process. For a discontinuity you need an (at least temporary) halt in diffusion. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Fri, November 30, 2007 - 3:51 AM"If that was the case then there wouldn't be a discontinuity. Diffusion is a continuous process. For a discontinuity you need an (at least temporary) halt in diffusion."
There absolutely *would* be discontinuities, they would just be temporary. There is no requirement for a halt to diffusion--all that is required is that effective distance in one direction is different because alleles are diffusing via a longer, roundabout route. and that the sample ( a static picture of a dynamic process) occur at a certain point in the process. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, December 4, 2007 - 1:14 PMThere absolutely *would* be discontinuities, they would just be temporary. There is no requirement for a halt to diffusion--all that is required is that effective distance in one direction is different because alleles are diffusing via a longer, roundabout route. and that the sample ( a static picture of a dynamic process) occur at a certain point in the process.
That might make sense in the case of mountain ranges and deserts. it doesn't make sense when the barriers are oceans. Unlike crossing, say, the Sahara, there's no "roundabout route" to crossing an ocean. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, December 5, 2007 - 9:22 PMof course there is, we crossed over the bering land bridge less than twenty thousand years ago. not that long ago considering we've been anatomically modern for more than a hundred thousand years.
"That might make sense in the case of mountain ranges and deserts. it doesn't make sense when the barriers are oceans. Unlike crossing, say, the Sahara, there's no "roundabout route" to crossing an ocean." -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, December 5, 2007 - 10:40 PM"of course there is, we crossed over the bering land bridge less than twenty thousand years ago. not that long ago considering we've been anatomically modern for more than a hundred thousand years."
That was my point. The land bridge opened, then closed. This is what I referred to in the analogy of a door opening and closing. The diffusion is not continuous, but punctuated. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Sun, June 29, 2008 - 4:29 AMi think this article will refuel the conversation about the biology of sexual orientation:
www.plosone.org/article/in...one.0002282 -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Sun, June 29, 2008 - 6:42 AMAside from the obsessive patriarchal nature of our society I do not understand the obsession with male homosexuality. The research gets far more press on the male variation than the female variation. There again there is also the double standard in society--everyone likes (lipstick) lesbians.
Here is a literature synopsis of the research for all variations:
www.sciencedirect.com/science
If you do not have access to that document, here is a synopsis I wrote for my students:
www.philosophicalturn.net/CMI/H...II.pdf -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Sun, June 29, 2008 - 7:01 AMI don't think you need to care about what people do in their bedrooms or with whom in order to find this an interesting question with regard to evolutionary theory. And sexual antagonism in *any* context seems pretty interesting to me, so I find this approach pretty interesting. Also, I wasn't aware of the asymmetry in inheritance, so I learned something.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, June 30, 2008 - 2:00 PMwell, in terms of the research i think it's largely due to two things, a) gay men are more visible and easier to access as a research population, particularly for cross-cultural research, and b) gay male sexuality largely conforms to our models of sexual orientation, whereas it's becoming increasingly clear that for many or even most women stable long-term sexual orientations are too simplistic, and that their sexuality is more context-driven. and undoubtedly there's an large dose of sexism in there as well. also, we used to think that male and female sexuality must be fundamentally similar so we thought that by studying male sexuality we were studying female sexuality, we're only now coming to grips with how wrong we were. lisa diamond is doing really great work on female sexuality now, definitely one of the foremost theorists in the field. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, June 30, 2008 - 2:04 PMalso, there does seem to be a subtle and insidious assumption in the evolutionary study of sexuality that male competition is the fundamental driving force of sexual evolution, which seems questionable to me. it paints a picture that has a great deal of explanatory power but seems to be missing something fundamental. i don't think that we're going to be able to make critical breakthroughs in the an evolutionary and neurobiological understanding of human sexuality while we make assumptions that marginalize the role of women conceptually.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, June 30, 2008 - 2:06 PMand it doesn't just get more press, there's just way more research done on male homosexuality. it's very striking.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, June 30, 2008 - 6:51 PM"Aside from the obsessive patriarchal nature of our society I do not understand the obsession with male homosexuality"
anal sex is one reason. that subject fascinates and sometimes disturbs people.
also, males with males is often viewed as undermining the power structure more than female-female sexuality, as it's seen more as men voluntarily becoming subordinate. this makes people scratch their heads, whereas women with women often makes more sense to people in a world where men can be more rough and difficult, as the story goes. along those lines, i could see that with an ancestry of shared child-raising and sometimes polygamy and the like that female camaraderie is more expectable, and that shifting into being sexual is not as surprising as in a tournament mentality, wherein men are frequently expected to compete with each other for female attention and mating opportunities and status.
this is probably often plainly an instance of straight up androcentrism and sexism as well, whereby the activities of men are wrongly viewed as more important and worthy of interest.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, July 2, 2008 - 6:54 AM"Aside from the obsessive patriarchal nature of our society I do not understand the obsession with male homosexuality."
I don't live in a patriarchal society. I doubt that you do either. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, July 2, 2008 - 3:13 PMsuffrage wasn't all that long ago and as a cultural force patriarchy still profoundly shapes our society. as ancient and nearly universal as it is how could it not? you really imagine that 88 years of the vote could erase tens of thousands of years of cultural history?
"I don't live in a patriarchal society. I doubt that you do either." -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, July 3, 2008 - 4:19 AM"suffrage wasn't all that long ago and as a cultural force patriarchy still profoundly shapes our society. as ancient and nearly universal as it is how could it not? you really imagine that 88 years of the vote could erase tens of thousands of years of cultural history? "
Calling our society a patriarchy is--at best--broadening and cheapening the word until it loses all value and meaning. It is--at worst--rank rhetorical bullshit. Women in fact have the same rights and freedoms under the law that men do here in Canada--they hold positions of political and economic power. My impression is that it is largely the same in the USA. What remains is not Patriarchy, it is simply people behaving like the bad monkeys they are, fucking over people to get ahead or just because they can. Understanding the real nature of the disease holds the only hope for overcoming it. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Fri, July 4, 2008 - 2:07 PMi think women were disproportionately disadvantaged by the transition away from hunter-gatherer societies. even though some societies have recovered from this more than others, the patterns remain true in the US and Canada as well, wherein the letter of the law has been corrected, but access and attitudes have not fully.
i get the impression from your invocation of humanism in past discussions and here that what you rail against is continuing to use the concept of gender and sex as a pivot point in analysis, when in fact that very discriminatory basis is also the cause of some of the problems.
my reply to this consideration is that we can have both. we can recognize skewed patterns of access and harm that are based on physical categories in those terms, and simultaneously work for a world where we do not continually overemphasize these categories. it's a balancing act, but necessary, especially because biased attitudes are often unconscious and need to be fleshed out explicitly. my version of feminism doesn't rely on women and men being indistinguishable, merely not distinguished in irrelevant ways.
consider an analogy: i live on ocean beach in san francisco. let's say people wearing orange were continually harassed and beaten on that beach. it was a pattern. now, would you think it wrong to say that not only people in general are being beaten on the beach, but people wearing orange, and we should perhaps be mindful for those wearing orange? not because we care so much about orange ourselves, but because others do. and of course, non-orange wearers who are getting attacked need to be cared about equally. that's key. you can't get so fixated on orange -- as some of the attackers are -- that you skew your concern away from victims who were wearing, say, blue plaid. in other words, i think humanism and feminism should be bedmates. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Fri, July 4, 2008 - 3:24 PM"i get the impression from your invocation of humanism in past discussions and here that what you rail against is continuing to use the concept of gender and sex as a pivot point in analysis, when in fact that very discriminatory basis is also the cause of some of the problems. "
Only in part. We actually live in what is arguably the most egalitarian society ever--anywhere and anywhen. If you are going to use the word patriarchy to describe it then the word becomes useless for actually carrying content. What will you use to describe a society in which women are legally chattels?
And in part it is a probably vain attempt to have people actually analyze the way power is actually distributed in society. Do you really believe that a poor white man has more power than a rich white woman? What we live in is not a Patriarchy, it's a Plutocracy. Do you think that women with wealth and power use it more responsibly than men? That they are more willing to spread the wealth and power to their sisters than are men? I don't. My experience is that people suck. Men, women, black, white....whatever and whoever, they suck. The reality is that people with power and wealth do not want to share them--they are like addicts. The gender of the people--like their race and religion--is incidental and in my opinion is detracting and distracting from a discussion of the real problem which is a fundamental weakness in human nature that develops into a big stinky social pathology at the drop of a hat whenever *anyone* manages to grab a little more than than their share by dividing the world into a convenient 'us' and 'them' -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Fri, July 4, 2008 - 10:01 PMfor complex social phenomena that's a given.
"Only in part."
power flows along multiple axes. it's called intersectionality, another neologism. do you really imagine feminists "actually analyzing the way power is actually distributed in society" aren't aware of that?
"Do you really believe that a poor white man has more power than a rich white woman?"
taking the subordination of women throughout history is not about idealizing women or demonizing men. it's about focusing on a particular social phenomena and attempting to understand and explain it. obviously it's a subset of other kinds of injustice and the various mistreatments people put each other through, but i don't see that subsuming it within that larger category is analytically necessary. both analyses can be done simultaneously. you can argue that patriarchy was not an appropriate word to use to refer to sexism writ large, but it's ultimately semantic. you just insist on substituting the dictionary definition any time someone working within a feminist framework uses the term because you don't like the vagueness of cultural theory neologisms. and i sympathize with that, but i think that within limits this kind of vagueness is a necessary product of the complexity of the topic and how necessarily limited our knowledge of it is. i.e. the specific cultural processes of change that have created the cultural milieu we live in today.
as for "which" culture i'm talking about, the general subordination of women comes as close to being a cultural universal as almost anything. we certainly do live in arguably the most egalitarian society ever, but nevertheless our culture is subtly and definitively sexist, and therefore is labelled with having the character "patriarchal." it's current form, mediated by the social movements of the last 150 years or so and the enlightenment etc, was created by thousands and thousands of years of dictionary definition "patriarchy," which is why that word was chosen to refer to the product of that cultural history.
as for the queen of england, i'm not going to argue with you as to whether or not our society is sexist or not. do you think that when elizabeth the first was crowned the queen of england that england stopped being a patriarchy? -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Sat, July 5, 2008 - 1:11 AM"do you really imagine feminists "actually analyzing the way power is actually distributed in society" aren't aware of that? "
most were not until the late eighties and forward, when analyses of the intersection of power started to cross borders. a focus on gender and sex doesn't do justice to how complex identity and power are if it doesn't include other dimensions. i'd say many feminists are aware of that now, though we could predict that white middle- to upper- class women would be most motivated to place gender and sex at the center of their complaints, just as we'd expect many darker-skinned americans to put race at the center. people know what they experience the best, and are the best candidates for advocating for their interests. they also need to mitigate these blind spots with an openness to being the one *with* power as well sometimes.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Sat, July 5, 2008 - 6:00 AM"taking the subordination of women throughout history is not about idealizing women or demonizing men."
Then don't misuse a term that is clearly inappropriate. What is it you think you get out of spindling that poor word anyway?
"it's about focusing on a particular social phenomena and attempting to understand and explain it. obviously it's a subset of other kinds of injustice and the various mistreatments people put each other through, but i don't see that subsuming it within that larger category is analytically necessary."
It absolutely *is* necessary to analyze the dynamic at the level at which the core problem exists--it's the only way to clearly understand the problem and the only hope of actually dealing with it effectively.
"you just insist on substituting the dictionary definition any time someone working within a feminist framework uses the term because you don't like the vagueness of cultural theory neologisms."
If we don't mean the same thing when we use a word then we cannot communicate effectively. If the actual dictionary definition of Patriarchy is not appropriate to the phenomenon you are describing then you should find an appropriate term, not misuse that one.
"but i think that within limits this kind of vagueness is a necessary product of the complexity of the topic and how necessarily limited our knowledge of it is. i.e. the specific cultural processes of change that have created the cultural milieu we live in today. "
I don't. There is nothing necessary about this particular vagueness. In fact, the more complex the topic, the more necessary it is to be precise and avoid vague terminology.
"as for "which" culture i'm talking about, the general subordination of women comes as close to being a cultural universal as almost anything."
That should be a clue for you that a cultural analysis is woefully inadequate and the underlying biology needs to be addressed.
"we certainly do live in arguably the most egalitarian society ever, but nevertheless our culture is subtly and definitively sexist, and therefore is labelled with having the character "patriarchal."
Is incorrectly labelled that way and I still don't see what benefit you think comes from that, unless your agenda is to polarize, which is the root of the problem in the first place.
"it's current form, mediated by the social movements of the last 150 years or so and the enlightenment etc, was created by thousands and thousands of years of dictionary definition "patriarchy," which is why that word was chosen to refer to the product of that cultural history. "
The choice of words was ill considered. And the actual history is complex and absolutely not fairly characterized as "thousands and thousands of years of dictionary definition "patriarchy". In fact the Celtic cultures (spread over much of western Europe and a large influence on western culture) were not Patriarchal by the dictionary definition--women had a host of legally protected and culturally entrenched rights. Judging by the Icelandic sagas, women in norse culture also apparently had legally protected and culturally entrenched rights.
"as for the queen of england, i'm not going to argue with you as to whether or not our society is sexist or not. do you think that when elizabeth the first was crowned the queen of england that england stopped being a patriarchy?"
Did the rest of my long list seem characteristic of England at that time?
It was presented as part of an overall pattern. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Sun, July 6, 2008 - 4:33 PMdid i ever suggest that it wasn't or that it didn't? both levels of analysis can go forward simultaneously. neither have made much progress as of yet. i agree that vagueness is ultimately only an analgesic for ignorance. for the time being i defend it as useful to trying to understand the nature of the problem.
"That should be a clue for you that a cultural analysis is woefully inadequate and the underlying biology needs to be addressed." -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Sun, July 6, 2008 - 4:42 PMas for questionable appropriations of pre-existing words to refer to poorly understood complex social phenomena, i see where you're coming from. i suppose that you would prefer we just leave such topics for our lower-level, concrete, accretionary body of knowledge to accumulate well enough for us to address them. inevitably you're correct, we will have to wait for a fuller, more specific, more concrete understanding. however, certain kinds of social phenomena demand our immediate attention, despite the lack of a solid epistemological foundation. i think that there is a space for suggestive speculation bounded but what we know with more certainty. as for the dictionary, when dealing with culture we are dealing with things we already have names for, already have folk theories about that are deeply built into our assumptions, the range of our possible conceptions about things is already taken up by a great deal of thought and certainties. perhaps it would be better if we just invented new terms, like "quark" or "higgs boson." using a word that already has a set of references to try to refer to a more specific and subtly different analytical construct has it's weaknesses, and they are certainly fatal in terms of constructing an ultimately explanatory theory, but they can also be suggestive too. rather like something like the meme idea is suggestive. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Sun, July 6, 2008 - 5:54 PM"i suppose that you would prefer we just leave such topics for our lower-level, concrete, accretionary body of knowledge to accumulate well enough for us to address them. inevitably you're correct, we will have to wait for a fuller, more specific, more concrete understanding. however, certain kinds of social phenomena demand our immediate attention, despite the lack of a solid epistemological foundation."
I have no problem with the topic--I think looking at particular manifestations in the context of a larger problem can be illuminating. My problem is that I think the term is just plain incorrect, and I don't see how that can be a good thing. It's misleading, and it's polarizing, and I think ultimately it is the sort of thing that produces a backlash against mainstream feminism because it just sounds...um...hysterical. Whether you intend it or not, the terminology frames it as a male vs female issue, and I think that's misleading. I think it is also misleading to suggest the problem is the result of a simple cultural legacy--I don't think that stands up to scrutiny. A large part of our (western) cultural legacy is not Patriarchal, and societies seem quite capable of relatively quickly flipping from Patriarchal to Egalitarian and vise versa. I think you need to start from a firm foundation of the biological basis of human nature and then look at the context of social and political institutions (especially with regard to how we divide humanity into 'us' and 'them') and how they reflect/impact the ways in which power accumulates or dissipates. I also think that it is unhelpful to assume that gender differences are imposed by culture when it is quite possible that at least some have a substantial biological component that manifests in the psychology of women themselves rather than being imposed by men in the present or in the past. I just don't think the term is actually encouraging an objective and open minded exploration of the topic. It's loaded. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, July 8, 2008 - 7:01 PM"I also think that it is unhelpful to assume that gender differences are imposed by culture when it is quite possible that at least some have a substantial biological component that manifests in the psychology of women themselves rather than being imposed by men in the present or in the past."
i question this dichotomy between biology and psychology (as i'd guess do many in this tribe!). i see no reason why such pressures might not become sexual selective pressures that affect gene frequency and traits to a degree, for one thing. it's a back and forth thing in many ways.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, July 9, 2008 - 2:58 PMi don't think of a "cultural legacy" as simple. the specific cultural processes of change are some of the more complex phenomena in the universe, involving billions of minds that are themselves complex through trillions and trillions of interactions and memetic replications in a constantly changing system of representations, all of which interact with biology. and the subordination of women has been one of the strongest and most recurrent features of that complexity and it seems to me that the recent changes in our society over the last half century are a relatively thin veneer over a set of cultural values that has been deeply shaped by that "legacy." and i don't really know what you mean by a society flipping from egalitarian to patriarchal, i'm not thinking of these things as a type of society that either is or isn't, they're both sets of ideas that interact within the complex system i just described. i also don't think that any kind of imposition by culture should be assumed, biology, culture, cognitive processes etc. interact within the same system and we can never assume a unidirectional causality without being very specific and having very strong evidence.
though i think that this vision of an objective an "unloaded" approach to the study of women's subordination is a bit unrealistic. there's a lot to be angry about and that anger isn't going to go away. i agree with you that that anger shouldn't cloud our thinking or push us to being too credulous to theories that support our political ideologies or to shut out theories that potentially threaten our ideologies, but it's hard for me to be too worried about verbage that might get men a little defensive a little riled up. my heart doesn't exactly bleed for their sensitive feelings. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, July 9, 2008 - 6:34 PM"though i think that this vision of an objective an "unloaded" approach to the study of women's subordination is a bit unrealistic."
I don't.
"there's a lot to be angry about and that anger isn't going to go away. i agree with you that that anger shouldn't cloud our thinking or push us to being too credulous to theories that support our political ideologies or to shut out theories that potentially threaten our ideologies, but it's hard for me to be too worried about verbage that might get men a little defensive a little riled up. my heart doesn't exactly bleed for their sensitive feelings."
Then you are in fact part of the problem. You don't hurt my feelings, you just wate my time.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, July 9, 2008 - 6:57 PM"anger shouldn't cloud our thinking"
What you are saying here makes no sense to me.
Anger *is* what clouds the thinking; an anger-adulterated thought is the definition of a clouded one. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, July 9, 2008 - 9:52 PM"Anger *is* what clouds the thinking; an anger-adulterated thought is the definition of a clouded one."
i'm afraid i will have to disagree with you charles, at least conditionally. anger may very well be an utterly rational emotional experience. sure, anger circumvents the more telencephalic wordy stuff, but that doesn't mean it isn't rational or even predicated on deep and considered logic. what you're defining as "clouded" is really just the manner in which signals trump each other when emotion becomes engaged.
anger is founded on self-respect and a feeling of transgression, and may be perfectly reasonable. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, July 9, 2008 - 10:31 PMif you want to make an argument that a "thought" is clouded you have to do so in specific terms. anger is an emotion that motivates an action, it may motivate you to distort an argument but it does not inherently distort an argument. any more than the emotion of interest or curiosity etc. inherently distorts an argument.
""Anger *is* what clouds the thinking; an anger-adulterated thought is the definition of a clouded one." " -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, July 10, 2008 - 3:40 AM"it does not inherently distort an argument. any more than the emotion of interest or curiosity etc. inherently distorts an argument"
well put! -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, July 10, 2008 - 3:48 AM"any more than the emotion of interest or curiosity"
well, come to think of it, perhaps we do need to do justice to how anger can anatomically metabolize around cognitive centers. it's just how things are wired, because anger is too important of a self-protection mechanism to gum up too much, especially under EEA stress. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, July 10, 2008 - 3:57 AMhahaha, the discussion on the bisexuality research was in THIS THREAD!!!
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, July 10, 2008 - 10:13 PMCertainly agreed, that anger to a degree is a rational emotional experience, and of course it's an important and necessary part of our emotional repertoire.
I think Lenny summed it up pretty well, "Anger as a motivating force is fine, but when it turns into a barrier to clear analysis, communication and conflict resolution then it is self indulgent nonsense."
My initial post was in response to automatthew's statement, "there's a lot to be angry about and that anger isn't going to go away. i agree with you that that anger shouldn't cloud our thinking..."
I see anger transformed frequently into what I would term misguided activism. People that have a propensity to experience and reflect anger will tend to rationalize their anger-related and committed actions as having greater value than they actually do.
Frequently activism (in the case here related to feminism) can be seen as a type of rationalization brought about by promoting injustices dredged up from the distant past, and use those reasons (even though we really know little about the conditions under which they occurred) as a type of endorsement for venting anger, and it's my guess that if this particular stimulus lost its impetus for one reason or another, another object would instantaneously appear and fill the void. It seems that for some people there is a driving need to find the appropriate object so that anger can flow through them and release itself, and sadly in a rather twisted way, the release provides a type of pleasure - in that it lessens their pain. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, July 10, 2008 - 10:25 PMthere seems to be a pattern with gendered communication whereby men are more blustery and try to impress others verbally, and women tend to listen more and try to connect. women tend to try to please others more, especially publicly. anger is generally a masculinized emotion, the emotion that tends to be easiest to access for many men. i think for many women it takes a process to access anger and to express it, and it feels transgressive. we're in an evo psych tribe, and we could posit reasons for such patterns, certainly. but i wanted to gesture at the meaning of anger here, and how it may mean something different to many women than it does for many men.
what are some of the typical sources of anger that one hears from feminist women? not being listened to or taken seriously. being condescended to. being treated as sexual objects when they don't want to be. not having access to opportunities because of their sex. sure, sometimes people shuffle in personal baggage into a political stance or activist posture, but i'm not entirely comfortable stating that all feminist anger can be considered in such a way. i suppose what we've been talking about in this thread is how much to individuate exchanges and relationships, and how and when to view it as one instance of a larger sociological pattern.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Sat, July 5, 2008 - 1:17 AM"in my opinion is detracting and distracting from a discussion of the real problem which is a fundamental weakness in human nature that develops into a big stinky social pathology at the drop of a hat whenever *anyone* manages to grab a little more than than their share by dividing the world into a convenient 'us' and 'them'"
do you think there is any reason to predict that males would be more apt to seeing the word in rigid tribal terms than females? be more territorial and inspired to intergroup aggression? chimps are like that.
i am curious with how you view power among members of other species. for example, would it carry meaning to say elephant seals are patriarchal? it seems to me that in evolution nothing is fixed and so power relations between sexes would be expected to be a teeter-totter. that's what i've been thinking. that boys rose with agriculture and animal husbandry and tried to balance the power of reproductive choice that rests in the ones who can get pregnant with increased mate guarding and limiting access to other males in the public sphere. there's evidence that this view of treating women as chattel has echoes in our modern world, but now the technologies and distribution networks enable women to participate more easily than ever in public activities. and so the teeter-totter starts to swing again. such is feminism and patriarchy to me. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Sat, July 5, 2008 - 6:18 AM"do you think there is any reason to predict that males would be more apt to seeing the word in rigid tribal terms than females? be more territorial and inspired to intergroup aggression? chimps are like that. "
I don't see why they would. You have a notion? Don't hold out!
"i am curious with how you view power among members of other species. for example, would it carry meaning to say elephant seals are patriarchal?"
I don't think it would. The word has a specific meaning in terms of human social structure and power dynamics and it doesn't fit properly. Biologists have their own precise terms that convey an exact and unequivocal meaning.
"that boys rose with agriculture and animal husbandry and tried to balance the power of reproductive choice that rests in the ones who can get pregnant with increased mate guarding and limiting access to other males in the public sphere. there's evidence that this view of treating women as chattel has echoes in our modern world, but now the technologies and distribution networks enable women to participate more easily than ever in public activities. and so the teeter-totter starts to swing again. such is feminism and patriarchy to me."
You can't ignore the important role of the human lust for "stuff". Settled life allowed an accumulation of wealth (and therefore power). Much of what we have done since then has revolved around inheritance of that wealth and power (keeping it in the family). If this is a major factor then you would expect to see less importance placed on certainty of paternity (less mate guarding) and less inclination to treat women as chattels in societies in which inheritance of wealth and power is matrilineal (ie, that the heirs to a man's wealth and power are his sisters' sons rather than his own). -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, July 8, 2008 - 7:11 PM""do you think there is any reason to predict that males would be more apt to seeing the word in rigid tribal terms than females? be more territorial and inspired to intergroup aggression? chimps are like that. "
I don't see why they would. You have a notion? Don't hold out! "
well i think we get to a place similar to our discussions about aggression and violence here. it's about the mode of expression. human and chimp males directly engage each other over territorial disputes in fact, but that doesn't mean such conflict isn't in the interests of the females as well, or that they are not orchestrating or influencing such events to a degree.
we aren't a very dimorphic species really, though females do tend to be smaller. i would think that it's easier to intimidate them physically, and that there is evidence in our past and in our relatives of males conflicting over mates and territory and passing women around as trophies of war. i will dare to go on a limb and say that some of this past is so ingrained that it accounts for at least some of the prevalence toward dominance and submission we see in mating in our species.
i think we are arriving at the same place as before really. i tend to buy into the overt expressions of power and dominance as having more meaning in those regards than the more sophisticated and indirect modalities. i can't say i am confident about this valuation though. power is a tricky thing and seems to be in constant negotiation and motion, depending on the scale of your view and the weight of your analysis.
however, i can't justify stretching this notion so far as to make the concept of oppression meaningless, or not to take seriously instances or patterns of mistreatment among people. if power is the ability to influence situations toward meeting your interests, then most certainly some have more than others. and men do seem to generally have more overt influence over social policies in decision-making positions, more often have the money to throw around, and are prone to more physical aggression and bluster -- often effective bluster. even in the US and canada.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, July 9, 2008 - 7:07 AM"we aren't a very dimorphic species really, though females do tend to be smaller. i would think that it's easier to intimidate them physically, and that there is evidence in our past and in our relatives of males conflicting over mates and territory and passing women around as trophies of war. i will dare to go on a limb and say that some of this past is so ingrained that it accounts for at least some of the prevalence toward dominance and submission we see in mating in our species. "
I'm not convinced that such a pattern actually exists in the way you characterize it. First, I don't think the movement of women from the group in which they were born to the group into which their mate was born automatically implies anything about dominance/submission. Social animals that live in extended family groups will pretty much have to exhibit some form of exogamy to avoid inbreeding. If it is the females that move then the males in a group will be more closely related to each other than they would be under the opposite scenario, and that should lead to less intense intragroup intrasexual conflict, and enhanced cohesion in the face of intergroup conflict. That social institutions might arise around such a practice (rather than causing it) would not be unexpected.
A great deal of what you perceive as dominance/submission may be nothing more than a division of spheres of influence and interest with males being concerned with intergroup dynamics (often involving physical conflict) and intragroup intrasexual hierarchy (also frequently involving physical conflict), and females being more involved in intragroup dynamics and their own intrasexual hierarchy (in both case less likely to involve overt physical conflict, but NOT necessarily less likely to involve aggression and dominance). What constitutes inter vs intragroup changes with context, but generally the family home would always constitute "intragroup". If this view is correct, then females would be expected to be dominant within their homes, generally projecting that power through means other than overt physical violence-- even in societies in which political institutions are dominated by men--but female projection of power would be generally more difficult to see from the outside. Dominance in other animals is rarely absolute--it is generally situational. It would not be surprising for a human male to be dominant in highly visible public interactions and to still be submissive to his mother and/or wife in a domestic context.
There is no reason to believe that such a division of spheres of interest imposed by men--it flows rather neatly from human biology. The expansion of female interests into the "public" sphere of politics would be a natural result of an expansion of their perception of what constitutes "intragroup". Males who do not share that perception could reasonably be expected to treat those females as they treat males in what they perceive to be their own sphere of interest and influence. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, July 9, 2008 - 3:06 PMso there's a disconnect here, when we're talking about a cultural cause we're not talking about a cultural form oppressive to women being "imposed by men" or "caused by men." we're talking about a cultural form within which both men and women exist, and that gets perpetuated by both men and women. i would absolutely expect that cultural forms would develop around biologically propensities and very very ancient patterns of behavior, no question. that doesn't mean that the cultural form that developed around the biological propensity is in the best interest of women, or that a political movement trying to ensure women's power, safety, self-actualization, etc. should not denounce it as oppressive and attempt to change it. knowledge of it's relationship to our biological propensities and it's probable developmental history would be of use to such an attempt, in fact any attempt that sticks its head in the sand about biology and insists on a strong social constructionist program would be doomed to failure in ignoring that kind of biological element. but that doesn't mean it's not oppression.
"There is no reason to believe that such a division of spheres of interest imposed by men" -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, July 9, 2008 - 7:05 PM"that doesn't mean that the cultural form that developed around the biological propensity is in the best interest of women, or that a political movement trying to ensure women's power, safety, self-actualization, etc. should not denounce it as oppressive and attempt to change it."
What is it you are denouncing as oppressive? Who exactly is oppressing whom? And don't tell me it's the patriarchy because there *is* no patriarchy. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, July 9, 2008 - 10:33 PMread a book.
"What is it you are denouncing as oppressive? Who exactly is oppressing whom? And don't tell me it's the patriarchy because there *is* no patriarchy." -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, July 10, 2008 - 3:46 AM"read a book."
sometimes when we reach our limit with someone, we can take it as an opportunity to reflect on what motivates our border guards. i would suggest that you and lenny both press the pause button for a little while and consider it. you both appear to have come to the conclusion that the other is driven by ideology. is it true? what is painful here for each of you? perhaps the dust will settle, and you'll feel the same way, perhaps not. or ignore me, whatever feels right. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, July 10, 2008 - 5:15 AM"you both appear to have come to the conclusion that the other is driven by ideology. is it true? what is painful here for each of you? perhaps the dust will settle, and you'll feel the same way, perhaps not. or ignore me, whatever feels right."
You know what's painful to me, dude--you've heard me say it often enough! The world is an absolute shithole because people reflexively divide it into 'us' and 'them'. People who perpetuate that mindset perpetuate the problem--they don't want to end the war, they want to win it. It's not going to happen because when that sort of conflict persists, *everyone* is going to lose.
I don't have any tolerance for bullshit. None for sloppy thinking or willful ignorance or agenda-disguised-as-argument. And I think arguing with zealots is a waste of time. Anger as a motivating force is fine, but when it turns into a barrier to clear analysis, communication and conflict resolution then it is self indulgent nonsense.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, July 9, 2008 - 9:47 PM"we're talking about a cultural form within which both men and women exist, and that gets perpetuated by both men and women. i would absolutely expect that cultural forms would develop around biologically propensities"
i think it's important to recognize that culture-making is a biologically provided trait and, of course, evolved. what it does, most especially with language, is give us the capacity to model our experience and subject this model to valuation and in turn generate behavioral premises for action that may or may not take, depending on the strength of the counter-forces of hormones and neural signals circumventing the frontal lobes executive function. it's all physical, it's all natural, and it all interacts in a complex manner.
"any attempt that sticks its head in the sand about biology and insists on a strong social constructionist program would be doomed to failure in ignoring that kind of biological element. but that doesn't mean it's not oppression"
you'll see in my prior post that i feel that the best foundation for a naturalist feminist analysis (and just about most humanist progressions, actually) is to view the difference between the likely landscape in which traits evolved and consider their efficacy and adaptiveness in the modern world. i certainly believe that in some important ways it is actually the modern way of living that should change, not our choices, but in many cases, the latter is where self-awareness and critical dialogue can help us discern the most moral and pleasurable course. i think this is important in relation to sex and gender. one small but important example is understanding the meaning and import of contraception.
my brand of feminism is also deeply anti-sexist, and that means a few things. for one, many traits associated with sex are fairly well distributed, and so assuming something about an individual based on sex alone is quite often just bad inference. secondly, we need to recognize the complexity of power relations and the non-totalizing nature of oppression, and that means acknowledging even the power of those who may be subordinate, and holding all accountable for their roles in creating relationships. thirdly, power occurs along such a range of identifications, it becomes a semantic traffic jam to speak of only one at a time. the more situational our awareness of power, the more sophisticated our recognition of identity, the better we can figure out how to make things better.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, July 9, 2008 - 9:32 PM"accounts for at least some of the prevalence toward dominance and submission we see in mating in our species. "
I'm not convinced that such a pattern actually exists in the way you characterize it"
i literally meant fucking. as in, tendencies toward dominance and submission in bed. i would conjecture that in our past sexually submissive women probably passed on more genes, not only because sex is a pleasure that's good to keep a mate around with (though that doesn't necessitate submissiveness proper, merely interest and ability to keep the motor running), but because submissiveness probably was sexually selected for in situations where women were taken as mates from other tribes after conflict. ugly ugly stuff, but it is at least from what i've been reading on the history of warfare and human conflict the kind of thing we have done as a species throughout all of our known history to some degree or another, and is done by some of our closest relatives.
"It would not be surprising for a human male to be dominant in highly visible public interactions and to still be submissive to his mother and/or wife in a domestic context. "
you have not responded to my central thesis -- that women were disproportionately disadvantaged during the transition into agrarian and especially industrial economies, as public labor became compensated with money and tasks usually performed by women became more enclosed. sure, i get your point about context and following the ball instead of the flag-waving, but it still seems to me that money is quite a powerful tool and if you do not have easy access to it except via pleasing another in a largely unsupervised and invisible context, it at least a good amount of the time could seriously disadvantage you.
the options seem fewer to me for domestic laborers in this economy. if you raise kids and keep the nest, you are both recipient and dependent on the material success of the parties responsible for bringing home the bacon, and that means your only hope for change is to up and get another one via an arduous and tricky shift. the potential for private abuse and isolation seems greater to me. public laborers have the easier options of changing occupations, seeking advancement, forming coalitions, etc. sure, there are pitfalls there, too, but it sure does seem to me to be imbalanced in flexibility in some important ways. i also acknowledge the struggle of males (or females as the case may be) who have to deal with work outside the home and the dangers of intergroup aggression. i don't really care much about "who's hurting more," but just to acknowledge all the ways we as a species could advance to a more pleasurable and kind state of affairs. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, July 10, 2008 - 5:54 AM"i literally meant fucking. as in, tendencies toward dominance and submission in bed. i would conjecture that in our past sexually submissive women probably passed on more genes, not only because sex is a pleasure that's good to keep a mate around with (though that doesn't necessitate submissiveness proper, merely interest and ability to keep the motor running), but because submissiveness probably was sexually selected for in situations where women were taken as mates from other tribes after conflict. ugly ugly stuff, but it is at least from what i've been reading on the history of warfare and human conflict the kind of thing we have done as a species throughout all of our known history to some degree or another, and is done by some of our closest relatives."
"feud-wiving* (lamnas ecna) was one of the 9 forms of marriage officially recognized in ancient Irish law, but it is clear from the literature that Irish women were anything but submissive. Why would you think sexually submissive women would be more desirable to men? It is difficult to put yourself into the mindset of people from a different time and place, and I think you may be wrong about their basic attitudes.
"you have not responded to my central thesis -- that women were disproportionately disadvantaged during the transition into agrarian and especially industrial economies, as public labor became compensated with money and tasks usually performed by women became more enclosed. sure, i get your point about context and following the ball instead of the flag-waving, but it still seems to me that money is quite a powerful tool and if you do not have easy access to it except via pleasing another in a largely unsupervised and invisible context, it at least a good amount of the time could seriously disadvantage you. "
It certainly *could* be and it sometimes *is*. But it isn't automatically and it often isn't at all. And the propensity to use the extra leverage of greater economic resources to push a domestic partner around isn't a male failing, it's a human failing. If you want the problem to be resolved you have to attack it from that angle.
"the options seem fewer to me for domestic laborers in this economy. if you raise kids and keep the nest, you are both recipient and dependent on the material success of the parties responsible for bringing home the bacon, and that means your only hope for change is to up and get another one via an arduous and tricky shift. the potential for private abuse and isolation seems greater to me. public laborers have the easier options of changing occupations, seeking advancement, forming coalitions, etc."
But these sorts of work don't provide those perqs because they are usually done by men, they provide them because this sort of labour creates a large amount of wealth for someone, and that gives them leverage. You want to solve that imbalance? Then you need to convince people that human welfare is more important than money, and a human being's worth should not be measured in how much money you can make from them. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, July 10, 2008 - 8:11 PM"If you want the problem to be resolved you have to attack it from that angle."
"You want to solve that imbalance? Then you need to convince people that human welfare is more important than money, and a human being's worth should not be measured in how much money you can make from them. "
these statements express the crux of your position, i would suggest, and i agree, but with a subtle critique: utilizing the lens of sex to discuss these matters and the particular patterns that people experience related to sex does not preclude other analyses along the same lines. as i expressed in an earlier conversation with you about feminism vs. humanism, i see feminism as just one brand of humanism. my feminism consists of anti-sexism, a respect for diversity along sexual and gendered lines, and opposing boxing people in based on gender or sexuality by telling them what they can do or are capable of and the like. you can't wish away the lends of sex and gender in your conversations about fairness just because you don't want to compound the error of a false conceptual basis. why not? because injustice does occur with a rationalization of sex and gender and needs to be recognized as such -- and your connecting the dots to larger patterns of bad behavior is welcomed as well. in other words, you fail to acknowledge the rationalization presented by some of the actors themselves because from your point of view it is only a confabulation. i feel we need to recognize the story that is being told and the patterns that emerge based on these stories. you wish to untie the knot of "us vs. them" and tribalism based on sex -- i can see that, and i respect it. i just think we can make that effort while simultaneously acknowledging that sexual categories have played a role in bad behavior among people.
i also suggest we all try to maximize freedom and pleasure by reflecting on more automated behavior related to sex and gender to see if it furthers our interests, both short and importantly long term, and adjust what can be adjusted to better suit ourselves.
"And the propensity to use the extra leverage of greater economic resources to push a domestic partner around isn't a male failing, it's a human failing"
i see what you mean. it's only relevant to consider the sex of the people doing these things because it has an historical reality to it, a statistical patterning. that is, it is indeed mostly men who do this, and women who perform domestic and child-raising labor that is commonly indirectly compensated. i think the transition from hunter-gatherer economy to industrial made the balance weird in this regard. the public/private or political/personal divisions were not do demarcated. there was no money to abstract contributions, only what food you brought to the table, and perhaps a trinket here or there to trade with. it seems to me that when the public "hunting" sphere remained masculine and as trade evolved to include publicly traded monies, that the private "gathering" sphere or family sphere became underprivileged in a particular way. many women's contributions in this realm only had worth within that sphere, and this was heavily mediated by the breadwinner liaison to the outside world. it's my current take that this shift led to a swinging of power, and that what we call feminism now is in part women expressing interests in participating more in that masculinized outside world and earning their own money. i think anyone who supports individual freedom to pursue such goals should be called feminist. the truth is, i don't really care about the labels, only about the awareness of matters, and most of what you've been saying is so fundamentally anti-sexist that i would count you as being aligned with me and other "feminists" in relation to these issues.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Fri, July 11, 2008 - 5:24 AM"these statements express the crux of your position, i would suggest, and i agree, but with a subtle critique: utilizing the lens of sex to discuss these matters and the particular patterns that people experience related to sex does not preclude other analyses along the same lines."
I agree that this can be valuable (and have said as much). I'm not saying that it automatically precludes other analyses, I'm saying that this particular terminology doesn't encourage exploration of those lines. It is clearly not technically correct and attempts to justify its use rely on accepting a particular conclusion about the nature of the problem. And it perpetuates a very unhelpful expression of tribalism.
"my feminism consists of anti-sexism, a respect for diversity along sexual and gendered lines, and opposing boxing people in based on gender or sexuality by telling them what they can do or are capable of and the like."
I absolutely believe that is true, but that makes you virtually unique among the self identified feminists I have encountered over the years, and among most of the mainstream feminists I see in the media.
"you can't wish away the lends of sex and gender in your conversations about fairness just because you don't want to compound the error of a false conceptual basis. why not? because injustice does occur with a rationalization of sex and gender and needs to be recognized as such -- and your connecting the dots to larger patterns of bad behavior is welcomed as well. in other words, you fail to acknowledge the rationalization presented by some of the actors themselves because from your point of view it is only a confabulation. i feel we need to recognize the story that is being told and the patterns that emerge based on these stories."
That's the point though, Jeff--I don't see people digging for the actual pattern, I see them stopping at a shallow surface analysis that doesn't get to the core issue and perpetuates the attitude that is causing the problem. I don't think there is a systemic issue (at least in the secular public sector) anymore, so if you want to talk about particulars I think you need to get VERY particular and talk about the individuals involved. That's the level at which the problem is now manifesting, and that's where you need to go with it.
"i see what you mean. it's only relevant to consider the sex of the people doing these things because it has an historical reality to it, a statistical patterning."
And I have no problem acknowledging either as long as the former isn't use to justify harmful attitudes and bad behaviour, and the latter doesn't lead to erroneous conclusions about the real nature of the problem.
"i think the transition from hunter-gatherer economy to industrial made the balance weird in this regard. the public/private or political/personal divisions were not do demarcated. there was no money to abstract contributions, only what food you brought to the table, and perhaps a trinket here or there to trade with. it seems to me that when the public "hunting" sphere remained masculine and as trade evolved to include publicly traded monies, that the private "gathering" sphere or family sphere became underprivileged in a particular way. many women's contributions in this realm only had worth within that sphere, and this was heavily mediated by the breadwinner liaison to the outside world."
Industrialization screwed men over just as bad. And my guess is that power parity between the sexes was closest in the working class--the very strata that were most badly screwed over. In fact I'm guessing a working class woman was treated far more equally by her husband than by the wealthy woman whose laundry she was doing or whatever.
"i think anyone who supports individual freedom to pursue such goals should be called feminist. the truth is, i don't really care about the labels, only about the awareness of matters, and most of what you've been saying is so fundamentally anti-sexist that i would count you as being aligned with me and other "feminists" in relation to these issues. "
Um--pretty much everyone I regularly interact with supports those goals and ideals and virtually none of them self identify as feminists (I have asked during some of my very public rows with feminists on campus here). -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Fri, July 11, 2008 - 3:19 PM"That's the point though, Jeff--I don't see people digging for the actual pattern, I see them stopping at a shallow surface analysis that doesn't get to the core issue and perpetuates the attitude that is causing the problem."
like any field, including your own, feminist scholarship and even activism has its share of yahoos and its share of geniuses. in radical cultural critical literature, what you're referring to is known as "the unity of oppression" and people make connections to the general structure of dominance and ill-conceived tribalism with some frequency. some texts appear to be sex-centered, but when you crack them you realize that such a focus is only the result of the author being a woman with some class and/or race privilege, and sex is the primary means she feels held back. but the most reflective of these goes on to talk about other axes of power and shares how they themselves are privileged as well. there was a strong movement toward this that started in the late 80s among feminists, and you are wise to see that it destabilizes the center of sex as an essential pivot point for any reason other than its being the critical variable for a subsection of people.
one of the problems i suppose is that it's likely you encounter feminist women in their late teens and twenties, and they are just beginning to articulate awareness of power relations. you see the same thing among, say, african american men -- they place racial concerns at the center of their power analyses and often neglect areas where it is not as self-serving. i would presume that you would raise similar concerns there.
in some ways i think it's easier for a radical progressive somewhat materially privileged white male to see the overall patterns between power relations, as we are supposed to be the "bad guys" along most lines. but in a sense, we can make the mistake of not listening to specific concerns of people in this effort to draw larger connections, and that's where i think a bias may arise with us. not in the sense that drawing such connections is inaccurate, but that others have specific experiences that feel to them to be very specific to them as members of a group. sure, they are not seeing the larger picture and may perpetuate an ill-conceived tribalism, but it's understandable to a degree, right? -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Sat, July 12, 2008 - 7:38 AM"it destabilizes the center of sex as an essential pivot point for any reason other than its being the critical variable for a subsection of people. "
That's partly my point though--I don't think it *is* the critical variable most of the time. I think the relationship is largely correlational rather than causal.
"one of the problems i suppose is that it's likely you encounter feminist women in their late teens and twenties, and they are just beginning to articulate awareness of power relations. you see the same thing among, say, african american men -- they place racial concerns at the center of their power analyses and often neglect areas where it is not as self-serving. i would presume that you would raise similar concerns there."
The demographic of the people I have personally dealt with is certainly skewed in that fashion, but the mainstream feminists I see in the media are frequently just as bad. Gloria Steinem is a perfect example.
"in some ways i think it's easier for a radical progressive somewhat materially privileged white male to see the overall patterns between power relations, as we are supposed to be the "bad guys" along most lines. but in a sense, we can make the mistake of not listening to specific concerns of people in this effort to draw larger connections, and that's where i think a bias may arise with us. not in the sense that drawing such connections is inaccurate, but that others have specific experiences that feel to them to be very specific to them as members of a group. sure, they are not seeing the larger picture and may perpetuate an ill-conceived tribalism, but it's understandable to a degree, right?"
I'm not unwilling to listen, I'm just unwilling to let people get away with using it as an excuse. I understand it, but I am utterly unwilling to indulge it. The stakes are too high, and frankly I'm fed up. I don't care if a person is a man or a woman or something in between....black, white or plaid, straight, gay, bi or budding like a yeast---if I think it's more-shit-different-pile then I'm going right down their throat to play with what I find down there. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, July 15, 2008 - 1:26 AM"That's partly my point though--I don't think it *is* the critical variable most of the time. I think the relationship is largely correlational rather than causal. "
rather than using a blame model, let's try an historical determinist model for size. i guess i'm still not convinced that women weren't disproportionately disenfranchised by the shift in the divisions of labor that came about. i think in hunter/gatherer economies, the trade-offs were more even. but public power that is rewarded with flexible money was what became the sphere of the hunter males and chiefs. women's ability to influence came from the degree to which they selected among mates and their standards in so doing in addition to influencing opinion and action from the domestic sphere. you are right to say that much power remains in that sphere and women have a lot of power, but there really is something about making your own money and being engaged in the public sphere in modern living. perhaps it is not "men bad, women good, men oppress, women subjected" so much as that the tussle of divisions of labor and teeter totter of power between women and men in the modern world has got us into a temporary imbalance and what we call feminism is women pushing to be let into the public sphere more. i haven't heard anything from you that has convinced me otherwise yet, and i sweat i am all ears!
"The demographic of the people I have personally dealt with is certainly skewed in that fashion, but the mainstream feminists I see in the media are frequently just as bad. Gloria Steinem is a perfect example."
i've had a lot more exposure than you have i presume being a women's studies major from days of yore, and i can tell you that i was treated with less sexism and more respect as an individual by my women's studies colleagues than by most people. of course, i was supportive of their interests, and rarely raised as many questions as i might now, but i was still treated very well. my advisor right now is one of the least sexist people i have ever met, of any sex. i think there are just degrees of insight and good naturedness in the world, and assholes are very common in any field. people use things to express their own hurts and agendas. it happens. also, it's quite possible that your views have been mediated by middle interests. just think about all the radical evolutionists or shamans or incredibly insightful people you've seen in the mainstream media. like... i don't know... zero? 2? 5? their voices don't get funding because they don't reflect the interests of the funders, or they're too unusual to sell to most people. concern for profits limit speech.
"The stakes are too high, and frankly I'm fed up. I don't care if a person is a man or a woman or something in between....black, white or plaid, straight, gay, bi or budding like a yeast---if I think it's more-shit-different-pile then I'm going right down their throat to play with what I find down there."
i like your insight and commitment to bringing people together to see the commonalities in their complaints, but your vibe is unlikely to be very successful most of the time because you will be reflexively assumed to be protective of privilege. if you actually care to be successful, i would emphasize the validity of the individual experiences, and then draw connections and bridges to other patterns of suffering, until perhaps your audience begins to connect the dots that you have connected. it's just a tactical suggestion; i admire your integrity.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, July 15, 2008 - 1:21 PM"perhaps it is not "men bad, women good, men oppress, women subjected" so much as that the tussle of divisions of labor and teeter totter of power between women and men in the modern world has got us into a temporary imbalance and what we call feminism is women pushing to be let into the public sphere more. i haven't heard anything from you that has convinced me otherwise yet, and i sweat i am all ears! "
I think there is an adjustment of that type happening. I want to make a few proposals for you to consider--the first is that men's apparent hostility towards women in the public sphere may have nothing to do with their sex at all--it's how men treat other men as well, and more importantly it seems to be how women treat others in that sphere as well--it may just be how humans react and relate in that social context. The second is that if women want a greater share of the power in the public sphere, it is likely they will have to yield some in the home.
"i've had a lot more exposure than you have i presume being a women's studies major from days of yore, and i can tell you that i was treated with less sexism and more respect as an individual by my women's studies colleagues than by most people."
The worst sexism I have ever personally witnessed has come from feminists. I have seen hooliganism, and the very worst sort of mob behaviour. And I have seen a great deal of hate and outright discrimination based on sex.
"of course, i was supportive of their interests, and rarely raised as many questions as i might now, but i was still treated very well."
Which interests? I think all people should be treated as individuals and judged on their own merits--free to rise as high as they can by virtue of their native abilities and willingness to work regardless of their sex or hue or tastes in playmates. Is that not supportive of their interests?
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, July 15, 2008 - 7:14 PM"I think there is an adjustment of that type happening."
thanks for acknowledging this. i don't think it undermines your basic perspective.
"I want to make a few proposals for you to consider--the first is that men's apparent hostility towards women in the public sphere may have nothing to do with their sex at all--it's how men treat other men as well, and more importantly it seems to be how women treat others in that sphere as well--it may just be how humans react and relate in that social context. "
insofar as this sphere is an historical extension of hunter culture and male displays, which you have provisionally granted, it carries some flavors of that past, complete with the endocrinological and neurological adaptations common to many males of our species. i don't think it's just a matter of power is this way, and women will become this way to have power entirely; i witness female leaders in corporations all the time -- some are as you say, some bring more relational and coalitional energies to their position than many men (as of course there is variety among males as well). there is a slew of strategies to get what you want out of others. the carrot, the stick. the come-to-jesus. i'd expect the exigencies of power itself to constrain which are used, which is what you are offering, but a skew probably in more mid-level positions of power toward the relational side among women leaders, with a skew toward the cut-throat style the higher up you go -- kind of like what you see with men, but perhaps a little softer in the middle range. i think it's likely to at least a small degree to affect the strategies used to wield power the more women lead. certainly relational and coalitional feminine styles are not exclusively or consistently female qualities either.
"The worst sexism I have ever personally witnessed has come from feminists. I have seen hooliganism, and the very worst sort of mob behaviour. And I have seen a great deal of hate and outright discrimination based on sex. "
i think rape accounts for some of this. it's part of how the brain is affected by trauma. the identity markers of the perpetrator become heavily significant and coded by the associational system as the amygdala gets hypermetabolized in situations that remind the survivor of their experience. it's part of the healing process for people to learn that not all people who look similar on some generic level to their abuser is like them essentially. rape is pretty tragically common.
it's also about the gendered nature of how anger is expressed and how many feminist women learn to come to terms with anger and express it. imagine an unused muscle that you start to use after it's been out of play for a while... your first uses are awkward, sometimes you overcompensate, swing too far this way or that. many women have trouble expressing anger. i think it historically relates to some of the differences in expressions of power and violence we've discussed before. the endocrine system of most men seems to me to be adapted to a greater sensitivity to fear index along with a more sensitive aggressive response matrix. many men are quicker to feel fear and quicker to respond out of fear aggressively. indirect strategies for women were probably more successful in much of the EEA, but again, if we're seeing an anachronism between divisions of labor and disproportionate female disenfranchisement, then i would expect that more anger and female coalitioning would arise to advocate for inclusion and being taken seriously on the playing field of influence. and i think that's what we're seeing.
i want to check out the only book i know of that is about evolutionary psych and women proper, but it's so damned expensive!!!
www.amazon.com/Mind-Her-O.../ref=sr_1_1
"Which interests? I think all people should be treated as individuals and judged on their own merits--free to rise as high as they can by virtue of their native abilities and willingness to work regardless of their sex or hue or tastes in playmates. Is that not supportive of their interests? "
that's what i meant, too, but i used to err more often on supporting sexism against males at that time.
i think you are what most feminists would call feminist. i would advocate a "both/and" approach to you. you are feminist AND anti-racist AND anti-exploitation AND... etc. anti-assholes. i don't see any reason why you should feel alienated from feminism by your intellectual position at all. why not take charge of your own definition of it? there is no feminist council that will stop you. we have to work with the fact that, despite the underlying commonalities among various power relations, people DO THINK and in fact by thinking ENACT assholic behavior with SEX as rationale. and you're against that. you seem to me to be among the most feminist people i know. the only exception to this is your lack of recognition of common ground with other feminists, and apparently their lack of recognition as well. i think that's a distance that can be shortened greatly.
feminism IS undergoing another revolution, as are all the social sciences and movements: taking into account the knowledge we are gaining from neuroscience and genetics, among other areas of rapidly increasing knowledge.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, July 15, 2008 - 7:16 PM"The second is that if women want a greater share of the power in the public sphere, it is likely they will have to yield some in the home. "
c'est la guerre?
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the unity of oppression video
Tue, July 15, 2008 - 1:34 AMwww.youtube.com/watch
this kind of gets at what you are getting at i think (except for maybe the simplistic advocacy of vegetarianism)?
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, July 15, 2008 - 2:23 AMyou might like bell hooks. she rails against all kinds of shittiness.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_hooks
'feminist theory: from margin to center" has an essay about men called "men: comrades in struggle" which is inviting. i haven't read her in years, and not since i gained a naturalist perspective, so i don't know how far or close we are still.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, July 10, 2008 - 8:22 PM"Why would you think sexually submissive women would be more desirable to men?"
if women were indeed captured in war and expected to mate with their captors, i would surmise that the women who either (1) successfully escaped or fought off such behavior or (2) were pleasing to their captors and able to reorient themselves in the new situation, would be most likely to pass on their genes. the latter category i would suppose to be connected to submissiveness in a way. submission as in, give the men what they want to ward off being harmed, having offspring harmed, or to be chosen by the best mate among the captors. i would assume this might include sexuality. i would assume that women who were captured who posed a real problem to their captors would not be mated with as much as well. a lot of assumptions here, and i present them as conjecture of course! i have no fucking idea really.
i've just gotten the impression from my reading that war with capturing of women from other tribes was common enough in our evolutionary past to possibly have an effect on gene frequency of psychological traits among women in the modern world. does this jibe with your knowledge? am i way off-base here? i'm certainly but a fledgling student of these matters and am overwhelmed by the number of lives it would take to become expert on human history, psychology, and biology. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, July 10, 2008 - 8:31 PMi'll risk further embarrassment by suggesting that what is known as "stockholm syndrome" along with other instances of loyalty to an abuser -- such as is common in instances of domestic abuse -- may also be related to the evolutionary past i mentioned.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Fri, July 11, 2008 - 5:42 AM"if women were indeed captured in war and expected to mate with their captors, i would surmise that the women who either (1) successfully escaped or fought off such behavior or (2) were pleasing to their captors and able to reorient themselves in the new situation, would be most likely to pass on their genes. the latter category i would suppose to be connected to submissiveness in a way. submission as in, give the men what they want to ward off being harmed, having offspring harmed, or to be chosen by the best mate among the captors. i would assume this might include sexuality. i would assume that women who were captured who posed a real problem to their captors would not be mated with as much as well. a lot of assumptions here, and i present them as conjecture of course! i have no fucking idea really.
You might want to dig into this further--I think you are basing your judgment on a mindset that would have been quite foreign to the people involved. Have you ever read the ancient Irish story of the wooing of Emer by Cu Chulainne? There is no question that Emer is fully in control of the situation at all times and the match is hers to accept or reject based on the tests and criteria she chooses, but the marriage itself is accomplished by Cu Chulainne killing her father and brothers while carrying her off. The story gives you a feel for the complex dynamic at work. Feud wiving was frequently institutionalized and was a cultural means of limiting the harm of blood feuds, but it only worked if the woman--originally carried off by force--was not HELD by force. And it apparently DID work. Of course, you may think Irish women are submissive....:)
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Fri, July 4, 2008 - 2:17 PMin 2000, here was the average incomes in canada:
Men: $36,865 Women: $22,885
www12.statcan.ca/english/c...tTable.cfm
certainly women have access to wealth in ways that are harder to track than income, but when one earns one's money, it is a different dynamic than just having access to money another has earned. this is a complicated statistic to ferret out its meaning because of less visible variables, but it still has meaning.
sure, it's not like turkey or saudi arabia or iran though. point taken there.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Fri, July 4, 2008 - 3:00 PMso essentially you're just uncomfortable with the appropriation of the word referring to "rule of the father" for a more general and vague social phenomena? it's just a neologism, and in its current usage it refers to something that's real. by what standards and with what word would referring to the general social phenomena of the subordination of women have "value" and "meaning?"
i don't think that it adds particularly any clarity to put it down to monkey's behaving badly. culture develops into forms and patterns that have real-life consequences. the subordination of women has been built into the structure of our culture. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Fri, July 4, 2008 - 3:01 PMnot that we should ignore our instincts in understanding the nature of the problem. but it's equally misguided to try to ignore culture, even if we don't have the conceptual tools to talk about it to the standards of specificity that one becomes accustomed to in physical science.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Fri, July 4, 2008 - 4:19 PM"the subordination of women has been built into the structure of our culture. "
Our official head of state is a woman (Queen Elizabeth II). 2 of our 3 major political parties have been headed by women at some time (one of them was actually Prime Minister) and the other major party has had a woman run for leadership of the party. My local MP (Minister of parliament) is a woman. I can't remember the last election (National or provincial) in which at least one of the candidates in my riding hasn't been a woman. The mayor of the city in which I live is a woman. The last person to be mayor before the current mayor was also a woman. Most of the people who were my 'bosses' when I worked contract work were women. Most of *their* bosses were also women. When I was growing up, head of my extended family was my Grandmother. In the immediate family in which I was raised, my mother was the one whose permission you needed to get to make something happen.
I therefore have no idea what culture you are talking about.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, July 2, 2008 - 7:28 PM"I don't live in a patriarchal society. I doubt that you do either."
it seems to me that the sexual division of labor that was more adaptive in the EEA and still is in some situations, wherein men engaged in riskier and more public tasks and women in labor closer to the nest, became nettlesome as we transitioned into agrarian and then industrial and now more information-based economies. the expectation that the old sexual divisions of labor are still as relevant, either for women or men, amounts to excluding women from opportunities systematically in the marketplace -- a fact which has implications to one's access to money and what comes with it. of course there remains an expectation that men are not nest-building and should be status-oriented, work-focused people. some of this may be reasonable to some people, but we could agree that it should be left up to people themselves and not prescribed by others or by institutions. coercion isn't often wonderful, no matter whom is being coerced.
we've also talked at length before about violence, and you inspired me to consider the importance of emotional and verbal violence. men do most of the physical violence of the world, and they are also very likely victims of the most physical violence in the world, at least homicide, assault, war, and the like. rape is of course astronomically more common for women and is a violation that is shockingly prevalent. though men can and do get raped, even by women, sexual violence is exponentially more common among women.
i don't know that the concept of "patriarchy" does that much work, so long as we discuss the differences in access and in exposure to harm among people. sex is complicated by other relevant variables as well, such as physical traits associated with race, age, ability, and the like. let's not get lost staring at the paint job and look under the hood. leaning toward determinism, i would say that the means of production and other variables make feminism a predictable and positive repositioning of the meaning of sex. for me, it is more about conscious choice and options and respecting diversity of sexually-related traits.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, November 19, 2007 - 8:25 PM"I don't think you are correct here. For instance, from "Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure" (genetics.plosjournals.org/perlserv/ ) "In one of the most extensive of these studies to date, considering 1,056 individuals from 52 human populations, with each individual genotyped for 377 autosomal microsatellite markers, we found that individuals could be partitioned into six main genetic clusters, five of which corresponded to Africa, Europe and the part of Asia south and west of the Himalayas, East Asia, Oceania, and the Americas [3].""
Did you actually read that paper? The pattern they describe is *exactly* the pattern you would expect when traits assort independently from each other--allele frequency differences generally increase gradually with geographic distance, however, small discontinuities occur as geographic barriers are crossed, allowing clusters to be produced. In fact the authors conclude that "Our evidence for clustering should not be taken as evidence of our support of any particular concept of “biological race.”" -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, November 19, 2007 - 8:49 PMSo you write: "there is a distinct lack of the sort of clustering of traits you would expect if race were real" and then you write: "small discontinuities occur as geographic barriers are crossed, allowing clusters to be produced."
Make up your mind.
Their statement that they don't support any particular concept of biological race looks simply political to me; "we've found evidence that you can divide humans into six genetic clusters, but don't draw any conclusions race-wise from that, because we don't need the heat". -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, November 19, 2007 - 9:10 PMjonathan:
recent continental ancestry = genetic cluster = race? easy as pie?
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 20, 2007 - 4:46 AM"Make up your mind. "
The fact you don't understand it doesn't mean it isn't true. Alleles are expected to form apparent clusters because of the way alleles originate and diffuse from the point of origin (alleles originating in and diffusing from a common area will form an apparent cluster), and barriers to gene flow will produce small discontinuities when different alleles arise on opposite sides. You are *expected* to see useful accidents. If races are in fact real you are expected to see greater between-group than within-group variance for a broad range of alleles and *it isn't there*.
"Their statement that they don't support any particular concept of biological race looks simply political to me; "we've found evidence that you can divide humans into six genetic clusters, but don't draw any conclusions race-wise from that, because we don't need the heat"."
Oh Puh-lease! There statement that their work doesn't support any particular concept of biological race follows directly from what they found and how they found it. They didn't *sample* by "race" in the first place! What they found was exactly what they were looking for--useful coincidences of alleles with similar geographic distributions. That does not in any way imply that there are real discrete groups corresponding to races. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 20, 2007 - 1:36 PM"The fact you don't understand it doesn't mean it isn't true. Alleles are expected to form apparent clusters because of the way alleles originate and diffuse from the point of origin (alleles originating in and diffusing from a common area will form an apparent cluster), and barriers to gene flow will produce small discontinuities when different alleles arise on opposite sides. You are *expected* to see useful accidents. If races are in fact real you are expected to see greater between-group than within-group variance for a broad range of alleles and *it isn't there*."
Uh...so, barriers to gene flow produce discontinuities. This appears to be exactly the opposite to what you stated earlier: "there is no clustering". Now your point seems to be only that these discontinuities are comparatively minor. This is true. So what? It doesn't mean "races aren't real", it means that if you define races as interbreeding populations that have evolved somewhat independently (demonstrated by the discontinuities), then there is a comparatively small variance between races. If the populations weren't evolving somewhat independently then there wouldn't be discontinuities. I don't know why you have difficulty grasping this simple point. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 20, 2007 - 5:47 PM"Uh...so, barriers to gene flow produce discontinuities. This appears to be exactly the opposite to what you stated earlier: "there is no clustering". Now your point seems to be only that these discontinuities are comparatively minor. This is true. So what? It doesn't mean "races aren't real", it means that if you define races as interbreeding populations that have evolved somewhat independently (demonstrated by the discontinuities), then there is a comparatively small variance between races. If the populations weren't evolving somewhat independently then there wouldn't be discontinuities. I don't know why you have difficulty grasping this simple point."
Jonathan you are absolutely hopeless. Your complete lack of grasp of hypotheticodeductive methodology is eclipsed only by your staggering ignorance of statistical methodology. Some clustering is expected even if 'races' are not real, therefore finding some clustering cannot in itself tell you if the races are real. To answer that question you need to look at how much clustering corresponds to race as compared to the overall clustering having nothing to do with race. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 20, 2007 - 8:48 PM"Jonathan you are absolutely hopeless. Your complete lack of grasp of hypotheticodeductive methodology is eclipsed only by your staggering ignorance of statistical methodology. Some clustering is expected even if 'races' are not real, therefore finding some clustering cannot in itself tell you if the races are real. To answer that question you need to look at how much clustering corresponds to race as compared to the overall clustering having nothing to do with race."
Which is exactly what Rosenburg et al did. To quote, "First the authors demonstrate that the clusters are robust, in that if sufficient data are used, the geographic distribution of the sampled individuals has little effect on the analysis. They then show that allele frequency differences generally increase gradually with geographic distance. However, small discontinuities occur as geographic barriers are crossed, allowing clusters to be produced. These results provide a greater understanding of the factors that generate the clusters, verifying that they arise from genuine features of the underlying pattern of human genetic variation, rather than as artifacts of uneven sampling along continuous gradients of allele frequencies."
"The clusters are robust" being the key phrase. Are you actually reading these papers? -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 20, 2007 - 9:02 PMLenny, you have a remarkable ability to make it sound like you know what you are talking about, when it seems that most of the time you are full it. Wrong on malaria adaptation. Wrong on the relevance of intra vs inter-group variability. Wrong on clustering. Your batting average is pathetically low. I'm a mere physicist, not a geneticist, and yet you seem to be consistently on the wong side of expert opinion.
"The very small amount of clustering that does occur looks like simple coincidence." So the fact that this clustering corresponds to geographic barriers is "mere coincidence"? The experts in the field don't think so. You are wong often enough that I no longer assign much credibility to anything you say. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, November 21, 2007 - 8:47 AM"Wrong on malaria adaptation."
It actually doesn't matter whether the mediterranean version of that allele is from Sub-Saharan Africa or India, the same argument is supported either way--the gene conferring resistance to malaria has spread completetely independently of the genes associated with racial categorization in the population in which the allele first arose.
""The very small amount of clustering that does occur looks like simple coincidence." So the fact that this clustering corresponds to geographic barriers is "mere coincidence"? The experts in the field don't think so. You are wong often enough that I no longer assign much credibility to anything you say."
The fact that the discontinuities are sometimes associated with characteristics commonly used to judge race is a coincidence. Boneheads like you are precisely the reason that all these papers take such pains to explicitly point out that their findings *don't* support the commonly held notion of race. And your inability to either understand or accept that this is actually true is genuinely appalling. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, November 21, 2007 - 11:27 AM"The fact that the discontinuities are sometimes associated with characteristics commonly used to judge race is a coincidence. Boneheads like you are precisely the reason that all these papers take such pains to explicitly point out that their findings *don't* support the commonly held notion of race. And your inability to either understand or accept that this is actually true is genuinely appalling."
What's appalling is your seeming inability to bother to read what I've actually written. What part of "The popular usage of "race" (as in, "skin colour") correlates more to the biological concept of "cline", didn't you understand? I was quite explicit that the commonly held notions of race are fallacious.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, November 21, 2007 - 8:39 AM"Which is exactly what Rosenburg et al did."
It's absolutely NOT what they did.
""The clusters are robust" being the key phrase. Are you actually reading these papers?"
Yes--but unlike you I actually understand what that means. This type of clustering is expected whether race is real or not. Mutations diffuse from a point source, so you expect that for mutations that are not extremely old, geographic distance will translate into genetic distance. The race concept is that genetic distance is independent of geographic distance--that blacks and whites living a few miles away from each other are genetically distinct because they are from separate races.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, November 19, 2007 - 12:28 PM"And yes, language does appear to be the primary driver behind the explosive increase in our intelligence. I'm with Pinker here. "
and i'm with geoff miller that this was probably primarily driven by SEXUAL selection, not natural. his arguments in "the mating mind" are not to be easily disregarded at all. and if brain size increase was largely due to sexual selection, than your differential takes on less meaning. also, homo sapiens started to migrate out of africa around 65,000 years ago (other homos a bit beforehand). i never said the brain hasn't evolved in millions of years; i said it hasn't evolved differentially among racial groups since homo sapiens began migrations out of africa as sapiens.
your theory that whites are smarter than blacks because they evolved to solve more difficult problems in colder climates doesn't have much going for it jonathan. i'm open to evidence though. please continue sharing your thoughts, because i have no trouble believing something unpopular if it is correct. i just don't think this is correct.
"Do harsher climatic conditions also require enhanced social co-operation? That's also a possible driver of differentiation. "
it depends on the cost/benefit analysis of cooperation. sometimes desperate conditions call for severe individualism, actually. the algorithm of cooperation is complicated. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, November 19, 2007 - 6:07 PM"and i'm with geoff miller that this was probably primarily driven by SEXUAL selection, not natural"
Sexual selection *is* a form of natural selection. I think you mean "sexual not environmental". But sexual selection encompasses at least a couple of different forms; selection towards "ornament", such as peacock's tails, which have no adaptive advantage (often unadaptive, in fact), and selection towards traits that *do* have adaptive advantage (such as size). Sexual selection and environmental selection are not necessarily exclusive. Intelligence does not seem to be mere ornament, like a peacock's tail.
"i said it hasn't evolved differentially among racial groups since homo sapiens began migrations out of africa as sapiens.
your theory that whites are smarter than blacks because they evolved to solve more difficult problems in colder climates doesn't have much going for it jonathan. i'm open to evidence though. please continue sharing your thoughts, because i have no trouble believing something unpopular if it is correct. i just don't think this is correct."
And your evidence that it hasn't involved differentially is....??? It's a generality that isolated population do experience differential evolution if their environments are different. Why would you think that humans wouldn't? And there is some evidence now that there has been differential evolution in brain structure. Looking at the gene CHRM2, for example, which is probably the first gene yielding consistent evidence of association with IQ, you find that one variant (T) is more present than another variant (A) among East Asians (91%) relative to Europeans (47%) and blacks (27%). Since T is associated with an increase in 4-5 points of performance IQ this seems a significant difference. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, November 19, 2007 - 6:22 PM"Sexual selection *is* a form of natural selection"
no it's not, because the traits aren't survival-based. that's not to say they don't interrelate.
"Intelligence does not seem to be mere ornament, like a peacock's tail. "
it is a shocking argument that is quite convincing. i respect your reticence on the idea, but miller is a genius, and this shit is no joke. others are following suit quickly (ridley among them). check out "the mating mind" by miller or "the red queen" by ridley and get back to me!
"It's a generality that isolated population do experience differential evolution if their environments are different. Why would you think that humans wouldn't?"
i would. but how quickly? and what traits? what why? and what happened of these traits since we've been traveling and intermingling? and how does the concept of "race" relate? etc.
And there is some evidence now that there has been differential evolution in brain structure. Looking at the gene CHRM2, for example, which is probably the first gene yielding consistent evidence of association with IQ, you find that one variant (T) is more present than another variant (A) among East Asians (91%) relative to Europeans (47%) and blacks (27%). Since T is associated with an increase in 4-5 points of performance IQ this seems a significant difference.
4-5 points on an IQ test isn't meaningful, Jonathan. i've taken a test a dozen times, with results varying 20 points myself! also, please provide the citation when presenting specifics like this, so others can review the methodology, sample size, etc. interesting to note that this gene is associated with alcoholism and depression as well...
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, November 19, 2007 - 6:33 PM"Sexual selection *is* a form of natural selection"
pondering this more, i see that it is a rather nettlesome distinction... i need to chew on this more, i think. i suppose it comes down to who or what is doing the selecting FOR a trait.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 20, 2007 - 1:36 PMas nauseating as the reality is, it's likely that african americans who were not obedient or who didn't at least successfully hide their intelligence were not encouraged to mate by their "owners." i have no actual research to back up this idea, but it seems to me that in the paradigm of slavery, that the concept of artificial selection becomes a reality. how much this actually affected the gene pool over the course of 400 years is an open question for me. it may be negligible and not worth mentioning, for all i know.
that is to say, there are far more likely explanations for the differential than whites had harder problems to solve in europe than blacks in africa and therefore developed greater general intelligence. perhaps my idea of artificial selection is a negligible variable, but there are such massive environmental differences, nutritional, socioeconomic, etc., that it's criminally blind to suggest a simple causal story from our ancestral pasts. criminally blind. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 20, 2007 - 1:52 PM"that is to say, there are far more likely explanations for the differential than whites had harder problems to solve in europe than blacks in africa and therefore developed greater general intelligence. perhaps my idea of artificial selection is a negligible variable, but there are such massive environmental differences, nutritional, socioeconomic, etc., that it's criminally blind to suggest a simple causal story from our ancestral pasts. criminally blind."
Why is it criminally blind to suggest, for example, that since the Chinese were civilized when my ancestors were still in the stone age, you might expect to see some evolutionary difference in genes related to socialization between the Chinese and anglo-saxon whities like me? It's not criminally blind at all, it is called a "reasonable working hypothesis". -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 20, 2007 - 2:51 PMwell mainly because no cultures have been "civilized" for particularly long on an evolutionary time scale. and second of all the relationship between "civilization" and "socialization" is not particularly obvious and implies all sorts of hypotheses that are not being articulated much less defended. one certainly had to "socialize" in an extended family hunter gatherer group. your life depended on it. sounds like an incoherent hypothesis to me.
"Why is it criminally blind to suggest, for example, that since the Chinese were civilized when my ancestors were still in the stone age, you might expect to see some evolutionary difference in genes related to socialization between the Chinese and anglo-saxon whities like me? It's not criminally blind at all, it is called a "reasonable working hypothesis". -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 20, 2007 - 7:46 PMNot a valid objection. It is clear that a few thousand years is long enough for evolution to operate on populations, particularly with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). Look at the gene for cystic fibrosis for instance. The chance of you being a carrier is 1 in 29 if you are European or an Ashkenazi jew. If you are Asian, the chance is 1 in 90. It is thought that the reason for the difference are the frequent cholera epidemics that swept Europe within the past thousand years (the del508 SNP that causes CF protects against cholera).
It's also pretty obvious that different skillsets are called on between hunter-gatherer and civilized societies. It can't think of any reason that this shouldn't exert selection pressure.
"well mainly because no cultures have been "civilized" for particularly long on an evolutionary time scale. and second of all the relationship between "civilization" and "socialization" is not particularly obvious and implies all sorts of hypotheses that are not being articulated much less defended. one certainly had to "socialize" in an extended family hunter gatherer group. your life depended on it. sounds like an incoherent hypothesis to me. "
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 20, 2007 - 3:32 PM"Why is it criminally blind to suggest, for example..."
well, for one thing, you changed the subject away from africans who were enslaved. i consider it a confounding variable, to say the very least, to present an ancestral genetic explanation for differentials in IQ when so much culturally has gone on to better explain the differences. it is NOT a reasonable working hypothesis, but rather a minor, dim supporting possibility. it's like you find a man bleeding in the street with a another man holding a gun, and present the hypothesis that it's reasonable to assume the man was hit by small meteors. why yes, it is possible that small meteors were involved, and yes, let's look into that possibility -- we don't need to rule it out. but i would start building a case concurrently connecting the gun. maybe that's just me.
"since the Chinese were civilized when my ancestors were still in the stone age, you might expect to see some evolutionary difference in genes related to socialization between the Chinese and anglo-saxon whities like me?"
culture can be inherited non-genetically (though the means of using culture must be inherited genetically). we mustn't overemphasize genes in a species with imitation and culture and representation. even oral traditions pass on survival-affecting traits outside the genome. that makes things like "civilization" a lot harder to pin down (which it would be even in a less cultural species, since it's such a complicated melange of varying behaviors clumped into a massive conceptual category). it also means that cultures may vary a lot in how they practice things or what they have discovered or invented, without much change in the genome. that is to say, another design level has emerged with humans. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 20, 2007 - 9:47 PM"well, for one thing, you changed the subject away from africans who were enslaved. i consider it a confounding variable, to say the very least, to present an ancestral genetic explanation for differentials in IQ when so much culturally has gone on to better explain the differences."
You are putting words into my mouth. I never said that variations in measured IQ are caused by ancestral genes. I said it is a reasonable hypothesis that there may be evolutionary factors associated with IQ, and other cognitive characteristics. It's very likely that any such variation is dwarfed by cultural/environmental influences. You still seem to be falling into the PC fallacy that while human biodiversity obviously exists in physical phenotype, it is somehow criminal or immoral to speculate that there may be cognitive biodiversity.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, November 19, 2007 - 6:05 PM"i never said the brain hasn't evolved in millions of years"
well, actually, i wasn't very clear before... because the brain hasn't changed that much in a very long time, but it has indeed changed. unfortunately, we must remember that the physical evidence that we have to infer these things is not nearly enough, and is constrained seriously by what lasts well enough to be available in the fossil record. inferring brain and behavior evolution is astoundingly difficult.
so, the notion that language is the primary driver in the explosive increase in intelligence... how does this contradict the idea that we're unlikely to find genetically linked differences in intelligence along the slippier lines of race, actually, since language almost certainly predates the differential migration patterns that later became loosely connected to traits connected to racial categories? i can't follow the argument here.
language, hunting, gathering, tools... believe it or not, these theories for the explosion of intelligence in humans are not favored these days. sexual selection theories have more evidence and are more logically consistent from what we can gather. language as a means to track alliances and further the social reach beyond grooming (cf dunbar) is part of it. but as far as i know, the best hypothesis presently falls on an escalating sexual selection process to impress potential mates with wit and know-how.
"heck of a lot easier than having to deal with novelties such as winters (you need to stockpile food to survive the winter, develop clothing and shelter technologies, etc etc)"
we also have to factor in the notion of imitation and heritage here. the more adaptive solutions occurred outside of our bodies (like clothing and shelter building), the more they are transmittable via non-genetic means, leaving the genome fairly untouched (except insofar as you'd be smart enough to receive the cultural methods and imitate them effectively). and remember, we are talking about the genome here, NOT environmental differences. that's where there's contention. few doubt that blacks on average don't score as high as whites who don't score as high as asians on most IQ tests in at least the US. the question is WHY NOT?
is it that the tests are written with a cultural bias already? is it that the potentials of intelligence are being muddled by oppression, lack of opportunity, systematic cascading health problems related to poverty (which is much more likely to accompany darker skin), mental health issues related to oppression, low self-esteem, the massive aftershocks of displacement and slavery, being treated as a second-class citizen daily, being circumstantially coerced into the underground economy of drugs, etc etc etc? there seem to be no end of confounding variables on the environmental side. how to parse these things out? those who have tried (and done pretty well at it) have concluded fairly dispassionately that there does not appear to be a genetic difference here, only environmental ones. (citations forthcoming)
and we cannot wave away the slipperiness of race to begin with. who the fuck counts as black? white? i'm half armenian and a bit irish and native canadian, and english. mostly pale skin, with some semitic features. hitler would've had me take a shower with the other semites. so, am i white? well, i get the social privileges associated with paler skin mostly everywhere. my mom was called a nigger and racially fucked with when i was growing up in a rural area of new york, but she was armenian and not very dark really, so most people would call her white-ish. it seems that such a wide variety of people traded off vitamin D metabolism for UV protection, that it's hard to lump them all together meaningfully. it seems like a social category for stratification more than a biological category. it's not that the traits associated with race aren't meaningful biologically, it's that they cluster too variably to be a dependable category of inquiry. in other words, there's too much variety under the broad categories of "black" or "white" or "asian" for them to tell us much about the people so described.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 15, 2007 - 1:52 PM"I presume in the hetero porn the pictures were of women and in the gay porn the pics were of men. Why would identifying with a character change anything?"
the het porn would be of women having sex with men, and the viewer could identify or be stimulated by either or both of the actors. with gay, it would be with men only, true. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 15, 2007 - 2:15 PMThe het porn could be with women only (singular or plural) and the same with the homo porn. That could control for stimulation targeting. The point is, without knowing the details of how the study was conducted the results are not very meaningful.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, November 14, 2007 - 1:56 PM"if you define "bisexuality" as merely "sexual activity with both sexes" then bisexual men exist, but I don't think this definition is particularly useful. "
why not? seems pretty straighforward to me, especially if it's done repeatedly. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 15, 2007 - 12:42 AMGuys (and the odd girl) have been known to have sex with everything from sheep to fruit. If I have sex with a watermelon, does that make me a fruitosexual? How about sex with my hand? A handysexual? Surely when it comes to sexuality, what's important is what attracts you. Sure you can get off with a watermelon, but I don't think that, despite this fact, anyone is sexually attracted to watermelons or their hand, regardless of how many times you do it. I wouldn't classify people who occasionally get off with vegetables as vegeto-sexual; why then should I classify men who sleep with other men despite not being sexually attracted to them as bisexual? -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 15, 2007 - 1:48 PM"should I classify men who sleep with other men despite not being sexually attracted to them as bisexual"
i would say you should doubt their claim that they have no attraction for men. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 15, 2007 - 5:04 PM"i would say you should doubt their claim that they have no attraction for men."
I don't see why. If you are a straight guy feeling excessively horny, and want a BJ or whatever, it is a heck of a lot easier (and cheaper) to get one from a gay guy than from a woman. That's a simple fact. Close your eyes and you can't even tell who's on the other end. You'll probably get a better BJ from a gay guy as well. And since lots of gay guys have fantasies about seducing straight boys, you're both getting an advantage. Heck, I'm starting to sound like Dan Savage. -
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This is the maximum depth. Additional responses will not be threaded.
Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 15, 2007 - 5:36 PM"If you are a straight guy feeling excessively horny, and want a BJ or whatever, it is a heck of a lot easier (and cheaper) to get one from a gay guy than from a woman"
bullshit. you can get a bj from a female hooker easily if you're desperate. if you seek a man to do it, you have homosexual attractions, simple as that. so, join the human race. nature doesn't speak in categories; it's a sloppy, unintended mess operating under some discernible laws. there would have to be a major selective pressure, not to mention the developmental wherewithal, to make any men absolutely 100% heterosexual. i just don't see that happening in our hypersexed species. it's not the way we went in the mating game, and the way we're differentiated would make it unlikely. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Fri, November 16, 2007 - 11:19 AM"If you are a straight guy feeling excessively horny, and want a BJ or whatever, it is a heck of a lot easier (and cheaper) to get one from a gay guy than from a woman"
bullshit. you can get a bj from a female hooker easily if you're desperate."
I think you must have skipped over the "and cheaper" piece of my post.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, November 19, 2007 - 9:38 AM:: If I have sex with a watermelon, does that make me a fruitosexual?
it would if dominant institutions in our society took a major interest in regulating your sexuality in this regard. as it stands now, none of them has anything to gain or lose by classifying this as a disorder - hence the absence of a term for it. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, November 19, 2007 - 6:07 PMwatermelon is simply too cold, says i.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Wed, November 14, 2007 - 1:57 PM"despite the odd instance of experimentation I've never found men *sexually* attractive in the least"
then why did you experiment? -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 15, 2007 - 12:47 AM"then why did you experiment?"
Why not? You gotta try everything at least a few times. As the vegetable example demonstrates, shit can feel good without any element of physical attraction.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Sat, August 18, 2007 - 8:02 AMkage - Yes, that's one take on it and certainly institutions have tried to create parameters and control sexuality (or harness it for their own purposes). However the hard evidence for the biological development of sexual preferences is coming in and is pretty persuasive. Just as we're starting to understand and have evidence that gender dysmorphia is based in biology. Sure most of us can choose to act on our desires or not, but it appears we have very little choice about who we desire. Now that anthropology and psychology (and zoology) are starting to let go of their own prejudices regarding homosexuality, we're starting to be able to see what role homosexual animals play in social groups and the evolutionary usefulness of homosexuality.
Now, I certainly think that sexuality tends to be more fluid than the rigid way it's categorized. And certainly it seems that bisexuality is more common than most people like to admit. In biological terms, there are some people who express extreme masculinity or femininity (which can be seen in their physical features as well as measured hormonally) and then a wide range between the two (with people who are hermaphrodites or transgender being in the middle). Clearly some people go against their nature and repress their desires, or choose to sleep with people they're not really sexually excited by, so there is an element of choice about acting on desire (though this might also be less than we like to think).
One really interesting thing I've run into and is apparently quite common is that in fraternal twins one will be gay and one will be straight. I know a number of gay men where this is the case, and one lesbian woman. There's no "gay gene" but a great deal of who we are and become is determined in the womb by everything from what the mother eats (or doesn't) to her emotional state. Gender is governed by hormones and a mother's hormonal activity as related to stress impacts the development of the fetus. Sexual desire is also governed by hormones (which is why the intensity of our desire changes over the course of our life). My guess is that there's a lot more sexual diversity than we allow to be expressed due to institutional repression and social taboos but that ultimately desire isn't based in choice. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Sat, August 18, 2007 - 9:00 AM<<<here's no "gay gene" but a great deal of who we are and become is determined in the womb by everything from what the mother eats (or doesn't) to her emotional state. Gender is governed by hormones and a mother's hormonal activity as related to stress impacts the development of the fetus. Sexual desire is also governed by hormones (which is why the intensity of our desire changes over the course of our life). My guess is that there's a lot more sexual diversity than we allow to be expressed due to institutional repression and social taboos but that ultimately desire isn't based in choice.>>>
I was taught in neurological psych classes that sexual orientation, sexual characteristics (masculinity/femininity), and gender are at least partially determined by the hormone baths during fetal development. Each trimester has one hormone bath but sometimes one, two, or three may not occur. The occurrence and nature of each hormone bath is determined by the factors Fifi notes (as well as genetics).
The power of this explanation is vast. It explains all combinations of the three parts as each is determined independently of the other. It explains "lipstick lesbians", "bull dikes", "bears", "nellies", "tomboys", "mamma's boys", and so forth.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Sat, November 10, 2007 - 7:10 AMThis is fascinating and I think the real question here is why has a behavior which leads to less offspring been carried on in our genome. Two thoughts, in our evolutionary environment we probably did not attach the severe stigma to homosexual behavior and homosexuals did - and still do - mate with members of the opposite sex and produce offspring, though clearly not at the rates of heterosexuals. I have a novel guess as to why such behavior would carry on in percentages of population numbers which are small but consistent cross culturely. We had and still have a social system based upon a hiearchical interaction with Alfa's, Followers and what I call Lieutenants. I think you will find that the consistent rate of cross culturely homosexual individuals in our population corresponds exactly to the rate of Alfas in our populations. Homosexuals are the flip side of Alfas exactly in the way that protection from malaria is the flip side of sickle cell anemia. This would insure that homosexuals are propagated indefinately. There is a lot of ancillary evidence to go along with this and I would love for someone to take it up seriously - I love the irony. Also, the homosexual individuals clearly aided their close blood relatives increasing their offspring and their offsprings survival - two of your brothers or sisters children is the same as one of yours. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 13, 2007 - 10:02 AM:: This is fascinating and I think the real question here is why has a behavior which leads to less offspring been carried on in our genome.
if this is true, i.e. that there are 'genes for' homosexuality, then we might suggest that it serves a social purpose as it does with the bonobos. human sexuality is overwhelmingly non-procreative, and typically we understand this in terms of its social effects. why get all procreatively-minded when it comes to the question of homosexuality? -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Tue, November 13, 2007 - 11:53 PMi just came across a rather odd theory that it may be carried in a mtDNA and may be analogous to "male killer" genes in insects. i have no idea of what to make of that.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 15, 2007 - 2:12 PMdidn't realize it until reading this thread, I'm a traditionalist, that's a first - just because our sexuality is overwhelmingly non procreative doesn't imply that it is somehow detached from procreation. Cross culturally and in most earlier studies of indigineous peoples clearly the vast majority bond to members of the opposite sex no matter how creatively they may explore their sexual feelings. I go with what I thought was a traditional sociobiological point of view in that we have fairly recently changed what was most likely promiscious behavior for our now notably imperfect pair bonding behavior because of our somewhat late aquisition of tools and thereby entrance into full blow predatory bahavior. It stands to reason that you cannot have an intensely social creature armed - whether with fangs and claws or rocks and sticks - competing for mates. Breasts and orgasm were promoted mutations because they enhanced this pair bonding and increased our chances of survival. Bonobo's are not armed predators and this no doubt explains their difference in sexuality in spite of their being our most closely related relative. Common chimps are far more aggressive and dominance oriented and it is no coincidence that they show more predatory behavior as well as less promisciously behavior than bonobos. Seems the point of evolutionary psychology is to understand behavior based upon evolutionary environments of development and while all three of our species evolved close together, we all exploited slightly diffrerent environments and resources which combined with mutation and genetic drift, etc led to these differences. Bottom line, if you are saying that there is not an overwhelming genetic component to our sexuality, you are bold indeed since the hard sciences like molecular genetics are baring down on this now. I would think such a view is in danger of imminent extinction. I thought the whole point of evolutionary psychology is that most of our psychology is a social extrapolation of biological processes. Psychology and behaviors follow biology, I thought. That is why my guess would be genuine hard wiring for homosexual behavior, fucking of fruit notwithstanding. Homosexuality - "not that there is anything wrong with that!" -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 15, 2007 - 2:56 PM"Bonobo's are not armed predators and this no doubt explains their difference in sexuality in spite of their being our most closely related relative. Common chimps are far more aggressive and dominance oriented and it is no coincidence that they show more predatory behavior as well as less promisciously behavior than bonobos"
What the hell are you talking about?
Am I going to be sorry I asked?
Whenever someone says "no doubt", I have serious doubts.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 15, 2007 - 11:17 PM"I go with what I thought was a traditional sociobiological point of view in that we have fairly recently changed what was most likely promiscious behavior for our now notably imperfect pair bonding behavior because of our somewhat late aquisition of tools"
well, the evidence i'm aware of, which was reviewed in detail in ridley's "the red queen," is that we had a period of polygamy being more popular following the agricultural revolution due to the new possibilities of inheritance of wealth, but both before that and after we have largely been a monogamous species with fairly long pair bonds along with a fair amount of infidelity, by and large. polyandry is almost unheard of among humans. promiscuity of the kind you are likely fantasizing about usually indicates a lower male parental investment than what happens in humans, at least in other species.
that says nothing about what "should be" or judging what any people want to decide to act on. it seems that swingers, whom i would say are among the most promiscuous of humans, generally enter special ritual spaces where the agreement is on mutual infidelity, lowering the stakes of mate sharing and competition, and allowing impulses for sex as recreational and as an impulse to increase a illusory fecundity or variety to occur in a less consequential manner.
your argument about tool-use is curious to me, simply because it's not that hard to whack on someone without a weapon. it happens all the time still. i doubt people suddenly were more worried about cheating because of tools. where did you get this idea from? -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Fri, November 16, 2007 - 12:02 PMeven a big, tough guy is relatively poorly armed, especially considering our environment of evolutionary development in the African plains. Imagine yourself standing naked with only your bare hands surrounded by hyenas or whatever. I remember a friend of mine told me a story about how he was skinny dipping out miles from anywhere and when he came up out of the water, he was approached by a pack of wild dogs, hackles up and threatening. He said he grabbed a rock and threw it at them and they backed off. Then he threw a stick and gained more working room, heading for his pack and clothes. Then he grabbed a large stick and brandishing this fended them off. I go with the idea that in our earliest development we were clever, omnivorous prey rather than clever omnivorous predators. Just by being able to stand on two feet and pick up and brandish a stick ultimately leveredged us our position now as the destroyer of the entire planet. Sure it would never have happened without our unique and profound intelligence and our cooperative social structure, but as they say, never overlook the obvious. I would link aggressive behavior with fidelity in that reducing competition for females would promote more cooperative behavior and our intensely cooperative social system proabably drove our intelligence through interaction of members within our tribes. Just like in our modern office place, it's seldom the work itself that is so much the challenge as is social posturing among fellow employees. First we had to survive the lions, then we had to compete for social position within our groups and this social positon would certainly relate to our relative sexual success as well as the future success of our offspring, and thus it would drive our intelligence. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Fri, November 16, 2007 - 12:22 PM"I would link aggressive behavior with fidelity in that reducing competition for females would promote more cooperative behavior and our intensely cooperative social system proabably drove our intelligence through interaction of members within our tribes."
Lions and wolves cooperate intensively, are extremely well armed and regularly kill each other over access to females.
Intragroup intrasexual aggression is far more likely to be driven by the degree to which males in the group are related to each other. And Intragroup intrasexual cooperation can easily coexist with extreme itergroup intrasexual aggression.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Thu, November 15, 2007 - 11:19 PM"Breasts and orgasm were promoted mutations because they enhanced this pair bonding and increased our chances of survival."
there is currently no strong evidence to support the claim that female orgasms are an adaptation. it's possible that they evolved as a counter-move to sperm competition via what is called "cryptic female choice," but not enough evidence is there yet to support that.
breast size was most likely sexually selected for to circumvent the fear of insufficient milk production, and as a barometer of age/fertility in potential mates: the older, the droopier, if bigger. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Fri, November 16, 2007 - 11:39 AM"breast size was most likely sexually selected for to circumvent the fear of insufficient milk production, and as a barometer of age/fertility in potential mates: the older, the droopier, if bigger."
Breast size has little to do with milk production; the size is from subcutaneous fat parenting.ivillage.com/newbor...0.html.
I'm more partial to the theory that breasts mimick the buttocks. Enlarged/presented buttocks are a sexual trigger in apes, and it seems very likely to me that we retained this basic trigger programming, but it simply move to a different part of the body.
Look at the symbol for love (the "heart"). It looks nothing like an actual heart, but it does look like a stylized ass/boobs. -
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Sat, November 17, 2007 - 4:11 PM"Breast size has little to do with milk production; the size is from subcutaneous fat"
i just finished "the red queen" so it's on my mind, but he wrote that there used to be a much greater fear of insufficient milk production among females in our past, and that breast size was an accurate index of the possibility of running dry, NOT that bigger meant more, period. perhaps it's an indirect index related to nutrition and resources? i'll see if i can dig up the reference.
also, sexual selection is not exactly the place to look for honest signalling.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Fri, November 16, 2007 - 12:22 PMI don't think breast size has anything at all to do with milk production. Other primates much larger than us manage quite well in that regard with relative tiny breasts - I've never seen a picture a well endowed ape. Breasts in the size associated with human females exist for no other reason than to please the male. I go with the idea that the breast is a mirror of the buttocks used to bring the male around to the front for the increased bonding afforded by face to face sexual intercourse. I like the cryptic female choice concept but that doesn't mean that it could not also serve to promote pair bonding by the same logic - when I female encountered a male who particularly met her fancy, she was more like to have an orgasm then more likely to want to engage with that particular male again. Basically, I put a lot of value in our cooperative social structure without which I don't think even our massive brains could have got ten us here today so I can see many behaviors promoting our cooperative social structure as being very crucial. and so selected for - the fact that we could have exploded from a hunter gatherer tribe of say 50 people to a city of 10,000 in the blink of an eye, and then a "city" of 6 billion and a couple more blinks, stands as a real testiment to just how cooperative we are - all that was accomplished without further biological change, just from extrapolating our original social structure.
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Re: The Biology of Sexual Orientation
Mon, November 19, 2007 - 9:46 AM:: a barometer of age/fertility in potential mates: the older, the droopier, if bigger.
i can see a tendency to be turned off by saggy boobs being selected for, but i can't see a complex of genes being selected for *because* they would turn off potential mates. sounds group-selectionist?
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